Nigerian workers like their counterparts in other developing countries have witnessed fundamental changes in their condition over time. To a large extent, trade unions have played significant role in this transformation. In most developing countries, government is the largest employer of labour with private individuals employing a minimal proportion of the working class (Fajana, 2000). In Nigeria, trade unions have become important agent of socio-economic transformation and class struggle (Ar... read more

We live in the most astounding time when it comes to marketing resources and potential. Not too long ago, a small business had very limited reach and it sometimes took years before their marketing reach is able to go beyond their local community. However, in today’s environment, all that is fast changing. A small business can be launched today and literally reach around the world with their product or service same day...a marketing miracle courtesy of the internet. The internet is all about... read more

Small scale enterprises are catalyst in the socio-economic development of any country. They are a veritable vehicle for the achievement of national macroeconomic objective in terms of employment generation at low investment cost, the catalytic roles of SSEs have been amply indigenous technology. The catalytic roles of SSEs have been amply displayed in many countries such as Malaysia, Japan, South Korea, India etc. SSEs contribution substantially to the Gross Domestic products (DGP), export earni... read more

All over the world, Nigeria inclusive, export promotion policies as an outward oriented development strategy have been areas of interests to both policy -makers and economists. Nigeria attained independence in 1960, export promotion of primary and secondary exports has been considered as a major ingredient in the long - run development programme of economy. At independence, the Nigeria economy was essentially ma primary product exporter based on a two- pillar product, agricultural and mineral... read more

Small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) is a burgeoning horizon in the local and global arena. The dire need and understanding of its revolutionary effects on any economy is rife. This have made it remain very prominent in the industrial growth of the sub-sector have been intensified. This is evident in the various attempts to inspire developing countries to accentuate and actively participate in small and medium scale enterprises. Nigeria is a country of more than 130 million peopl... read more

Interest in the role of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the development process continues to be in the forefront of policy debates in developing countries. The advantages claimed for SMEs are varies, this include: the encouragement of entrepreneurship; the greater likelihood that SMEs will utilize labour intensive technologies and thus have an immediate impact on employment generation; they can usually be established rapidly and put into operation to produce quick returns. SME devel... read more

Business from the economist point of any human endeavor that is profit oriented. The importance of this definition is that any activity that has not profit malice in view is not a business. However, activity as us in context can be reeled to any enter price or business that is profit oriented and in fact, they range right from buying and selling, small scale industry in mini agro allied industry and husbandry agencies, construction works and craftsmanship etc.

The need for training and development in an organization is of paramount importat'1.ce since training and development are at the heart of employee utilization, productivity, commitment, motivation and growth. Employee - development and training is part of the personnel manager's functions. The major reason for training and training in skills is to bring the competencies of individuals up to desired standards for present or potential assignments. Most organization or firms are 'having tra... read more

For any economy to remain afloat in its bid for survival in today’s globalization, deregulation and liberalization of markets, it needs to have an efficient business financial to direct the allocation of its resources, capital markets and institutions, of which the developmentis an integral part of paramount importance in a dynamic economy as Nigeria. Capital market is a market for securities (Equity or debt), where business enterprises and government can raise long-term funds. It is also d... read more

The survival, success and continuity of service organizations depend on effective relationship marketing. The effectiveness of relationship marketing in service organizations determine to a great extent the performance of the organization as well as the satisfaction customers can derived from services rendered by the organization (Kotler, 2006). Relationship marketing (RM) is meriting an increasing amount of attention in marketing research, and has already become a key enterprise marketing ac... read more

Distribution is a stream, a flow of products and services from the producer though intermediaries to end-users. It consists of members in the distribution channels that gets the products from assembly line (production) to the consumer (consumption). It includes selecting and managing the trade channels through which the product will reach the right market at the right time and to develop a distribution system for physically handling and transporting the product through these channels. It also in... read more

Over the years, the term ethics in organizational performance has long been associated with management scholars and business leaders around the world. There is a broad agreement the world over that as a matter of corporate policy, every organization strives to be committed in a manner that is ethically transparent. Ethics in the world of organization’s business involve “ordinary decency” which encompasses such areas as integrity, honesty and fairness. Behaving in an ethical manner is se... read more

According to Fagbohungbe (2009) definesproduction as the “process of designing, operating and controlling a productive system capable of transforming physical resources and human talent into needed goods and services”. Although, some prefer the label production/operations management, the more global term of production used here is to emphasize that production system generates intangible services as well as tangible goods. Lawal (2007) states at least four reasons why it is important th... read more

According toKornhanser, Dubin and Russ (1954), conflict can be referred to as "the total range of behaviours and attitude that express opposition and divergent orientation between individual, owners and managers on one hand and working people and their organization, on the other hand. Furthermore, a conflict situation is therefore one that is characterized by the inabilityof those concerned to iron out theirdifferences, and this does not necessarily have to result in strikes. Flanders (1968) ... read more

The actual existence of a product does not translate to consumer satisfaction when there is lack of awareness. The awareness is filled by advertising. In marketing, the basic fact is that a product does not sell itself. A product that is designed to meet buyers’ needs cannot be successful even at an affordable price without adequate information which can only be provided by advertising. The word “Advertising” can be defined as any paid form of non personal presentation of ideas, goods o... read more

Nigeria as a sovereign statehas remained a point of reference in Africa and onthe global stage. This is stem from the fact thatit is one of the largest exporters of crude oil to developed and developing nations of the world. For more than three decades therefore, crude oil has been the major hubof the energy, revenue and foreign exchange earnings for the Nigerian economy (Abubakar,2015).According to Eke and Enibe (2007), the production and distribution of... read more

The aim of marketing as a set of individual and organizational activities is to ensure that consumer wants, needs and preferences are appropriately and properly satisfied in order toensure customer/consumer satisfaction and at the same time achieve the goals of the individual or organization. Marketing ensures that goods and services are not only produced, but also ensure that these goods are made available to the consumers at the right time, place and in the right quality. The goal of m... read more

This chapter will examine the basic background to the study and its objectives will involve analyzing the historical and analytical perspectives of Marketing Communications on consumer loyalty to consumer products in the consumer segment of the market with proportionate emphasis on Cadbury Nigeria Plc. The chapter will also include statement of problem, which will give rise to fundamental questions that will be answered in the context of the study. Purpose of this study will be a... read more

An Organization is primarily established to achieve certain predetermined objectives, once of which could be the production and distribution of products and services which fulfils the needs and satisfaction of its consumers. Thus, the needs of the consumers must be identified appropriately by organizations in order to produce goods and services that will satisfy the consumers on one hand and generate sales and profit for the organizations on the other hand. This assertion underscores the... read more

Ten percent of the profit before tax made by bonus is directed towards financing Small and Medium Scale Industries in Nigeria (SMES) as directed by the Federal Government through the Apex body in the country's financial institution - Central Bank of Nigeria CBN. This has come to stay as a policy, brought forth as a result of the overwhelming impact of this sector to a country's economic development as evidenced in the tracks of nations like: Brazil, Argentina, India, China, Malaysia amongst othe... read more