The origin and traditional background of trade fairs can be traced to the time when neither good communication network of security needed for the establishment of pertinent commercial relationship were easily obtain. The first significant trade fair in Nigeria was held in 1960 to add glamour to Nigeria Independence Celebration, through with less business motives. The first trade fairs with international magnitude was held in 1977 and 60 countries attended. Over the years compani... read more

The implication of marketing is that even though “customer orientation (a derivative- of marketing concept) has become a familiar slogan, with pride of place in the strategy statements of many organizations,” the god of actually implementing the customer orientation has continually been deceptively innocuous” (Nwankwo, 1995). The implication is that marketing is often restricted and viewed- from them. prison of commercial lenses. This situation has led pessimists of educational market, ... read more

Nestle Nigeria plc is associated with the nestle group, the single largest food company in the world and it is known worldwide for its top quality products. Nestle Nigeria plc began simple trading in 1961 and has today grown into a leading manufacturing and marketing company. It is a public quoted company listed since 1978 on the Nigeria stock exchange with about 20,500 shareholders participating. Nestle Nigeria Plc of Switzerland owns about 43% of the company’s equity. Nestle Nigeria pl... read more

It is paramount for an organization to promote an awareness of differences between the products and those of competitors. Branding is one of the strategies of differentiating a product so that a company can compete in non-price basis i.e. a company product should be differentiated from competitive products. Branding strategy is often used by companies selling reasonable standardized products such as soap, toothpaste and body cream or automobile to a brand market that is fairly homogenou... read more

All organizations exists in complex relationship with elements in their external environments. Corporate social performance is therefore an obligation of organization to act in ways that serve both its own interest and that of its many external public. These publics are considered stakeholder persons, and groups who are affected in one way or the other by the activities of an organization. They are people affected in one way or the other by its commitment to social responsibilities (Ogbuechi, 19... read more

Individuals have needs and business organizations exist to satisfy the needs andwants of the society. An appropriate method toward understanding form of businessownership will require the provision of conceptual frame work for the word BUSINESS. BUSINESS in a capitalist economy can be described as the sum of all the activitiesinvolve in the production and distribution of goods and services for profit. Thisdefinition implies that business assume responsibilities for two of the basic humanactiv... read more

In today’s market place, selling a product is sometimes easier than getting it to customers. Companies have decided on the best way to store and move their product and services so that they are available to customer in the right assortment, at the right time and in the right place. Kotler and Armstrong (2010) opined that physical distribution (marketing logistic) is the process of planning, implementing and controlling the physical flow of materials final goods and related information from p... read more

A study of the evolution of packaging is inextricably linked to the evolution of consumption habits in particular, and of society as a whole (Zeithaml, V. 1988). In the rural society which prevailed until the industrial revolution of the 19th century, packaging was as rudimentary as the living conditions of the time. Packaging was often standardised and could be used for a number of different purposes: transporting food, wood or tools. We are talking more about receptacles than about packaging, ... read more

The marketing environment has become a very competitive one as it has continued to evolve. Thus, it has become important for businesses to look for ways of gaining and sustaining brand loyalty by building customer trust. In essence, brand loyalty has become the target of all organization because they have realized that when customers are loyal to their organizations brand it provide the organization with steady form of income which in turn increases profit. Companies that successfully develop lo... read more

Companies now operate in vastly competitive and non linear environment, the value of business lies increasingly in its ability to capture information and generate new idea. According to (Kotler 2009), “an idea that is no dangerous is hardly worth calling an idea”. The same can be said of strategic plan. A great plan provokes. It takes chances. This eventually attracts customers and the market to ones brand. Therefore there is a need for effective strategy planning in an organization. In toda... read more

The days of a customer adopting one product or company for life are long gone. With easy access and global competitiveness, customers are often swayed by advertisingand a chance at a ―better deal. Quality levels and features between competing brands and organizations are often comparable. The thing that separates competitors is theirlevel of service. It is not unusual for customers to switch back and forth between products or organizations simply because of pricing, a bad first impression from... read more

One of the fundamental objectives of a responsible government is to ensure optimum standard of living. The post independence government adopted import substitution; large-scale industries by investing on large capital project which is predicated on the notion that "big is better" while "small is bad". Small and medium enterprises were considered as outmoded and synonymous with technological backwardness. (Nnanna 2001). Even the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) introduced to restructure and ... read more

Communication is needed to reach markets at a reasonable cost. Advertising is just one of the tools for reaching markets. It may be too costly and time consuming to try to do marketing job with salesmen alone; in such situations, advertising may be preferred. Advertising consists of all the activities involved in presenting to a group a non-personal, oral or visual, openly sponsored message regarding a product, service or idea. This message, called an advertisement, is disseminated throu... read more

Cadbury Nigeria Plc was incorporated in 1965, the company had only brand to its name: Pronto and Bournvita, but those were doing well indeed, infact the decision to incorporated a local Company by Cadbury Fry export, as the oversea company was then called, was informed partly by excellent result obtained from importing both products for sales within Nigeria. Earlier in 1959, the company had begun to hold stocks locally and by 1963 sales had reached a level where the local packaging of bu... read more

The practice of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is much debated and criticized. Proponents argue that there is a strong business case for corporate social responsibility in that corporations benefit in multiple ways by operating with a perspective broader and longer than their own immediate short term profit. The Nigerian business environment has not really had a strong support for CSR. The massive rate of improper waste disposal, land degradation, poverty, pollution, lack of basic... read more

Entrepreneurship has to do with the conceptual approach of doing new things within a new philosophy of value, of purpose, of utility and of quality and use, which satisfies needs. It is the practice of starting new organizations, particularly new businesses generally in response to identified opportunities. It also involves the recognition of opportunities (needs, wants, problems and challenges) and the use of resources to implement innovative ideas. Entrepreneurship is often a difficult unde... read more

The world today is shaped by the advancement in the field of information and communication technology (ICT). The relevance of ICT to the development of corporate organization and the entire would can not be over emphasized. For instance, Nigeria has come to realize the fact that no modern economy can be sustained without integral ICT and has adopted the technology towards the growth of its economy. The introduction of new technologies has led to higher level of production, improved communicat... read more

Logistics management involves the movement of both raw materials and finished goods from the point of production to the purchase. The raw materials and finish goods are both kept in the warehouse before being used in manufacturing or sold to the customer. If it is well managed, distribution cost will be minimized not necessarily at the expense of customer service level and consumer utility increased. Alexander and Franco (1969) define Logistics management as "fraction cost savings, increased com... read more

After the advent of industrial revolution, machines were introduced into the production system to boost the production of goods and services and this brought about large number of goods available for sales. In this regard, consumers were exposed to variety of products and were required to select the product which will give them the optimum satisfaction they desired according to their needs. Companies on the other hand were interested in boosting their image, achieving high sales, maximizing p... read more

Training and Development as a tool for enhancing employees' performance, was undertaken to find out if the Training and Development has a positive effect on the performance of employees. Many employees have failed in their organization because their needs for training and development were not identified and provided for as a dispensable part of the management function. The aim of this study is to ascertain if training and development is really serving as a tool for enhancing employees' job perfo... read more