Public relations were not generally a full-time profession until after the first world war-1914-1918. The first practitioners were the press agents of the 1900’s. During that period, public relations was not recognized as a public relations were restricted to publicity and commercial notices (Thompson 2003:39). A change in the traditional public relations practices came first in the united states when IVY L. Lee, a journalist was hired in 1906 as a publicity adviser to a private industrial es... read more

As a result of petroleum products being the major exporting product among others, of our country. Our country solely depends on it as the highest percentage revenue on the overall percentage of the total exportation products or items. In the 1979s after the civil war, Nigerians have Agricultural products as the dependent product in both domestic and international uses. But today due to greater lucrative of this product all over the world, abandoned the former for the latter. As the uses ... read more

The stand of economic development is a total sum of all the effective and efficient business activities of the country either home or abroad. There are vital roles, which the financial institutions have to play in this development. The survival and future of a given nation is hooked on the volume of business activities of that nation, also the availability of fund for financing the activities is necessary. The main purpose of financial institution is to aid private individuals and governm... read more

In every organization set-up, indispensable groups are discernible. These groups are known as the employees and the employers. They both constitute the point upon which the activity of the organization revolves. It is said that area of the most common mutual interest where employees and employers may co-operate consciously the advantage of them consist of improving the morale of the worker, promoting efficiency and productivity, eliminating waste, reducing cost of maintenance. Every organi... read more

Information is not only the basic of human existence. It is also the life wire for running of any organization. This is consequent upon the fact that decisions are based on information for effective decision-making and effective execution of those decisions, there must be constant information flow. Data gathered must be transmitted to the end –users after it had been processed. Information receipt processing, storage, dissemination, etc. may be instant; otherwise valuable business opportuniti... read more

The role that small scale enterprise plays in the growth of an economy cannot be over emphasized. This is why government, organization and individuals have placed great premium to its development. Most bug business today and the world over started as small scale enterprises. The industrial development interested in America and South-East Asian countries can be traced to numerous small scale enterprises. Their carefully studies and investigations have revealed that in United State, onl... read more

In the recent past, the term, “Human Resources Management” has begun to be used instead of personnel management or personnel administration. This is due to the fact that people employed in the organization are resources which are as important, if not more important than financial or material resources. Like fund and materials, people in the health care sector must be given careful and expert attention to enable them maximally utilize other resources of the health care sector. With improve... read more

One of most topical functions in most organizations in terms of its role and integration into the overall organizational framework is the material or inventory management function. In spite of increasing awareness of the importance of material management in comparison with other business functions such as production, engineering, finance, marketing, personnel, etc. it is in this regard that some of the key concepts of materials or inventory management are to be examined with a view to determinin... read more

The environment is a major source of uncertainly to a business manager, and as such both influences the design of any organisation and the configuration of organizational structure. Therefore, without a thorough analysis of the environment, a manager finds it almost impossible to make important operational decisions in his organization, which are vital in the attainment of various business objectives. Hence no business organization can operate successfully in isolation, it has to exist and... read more

Strategic planning which is process chart involves analyzing the opportunities and threats in the market place, while building the strengths and correcting the weaknesses within the firm, also involves setting goals for specific product marker and for the firm (Bernett and Wilsted (1988) and since it is perceived as a mediating force between the organisation and its environment it has become highly imperative for business organisation to adopt it so as to enhance productivity. This is sequel... read more

The historical background of conflict in organization can be seen as far back as the ancient times, which involves the scientific management era, personnel and human relation movement and the modem management period. The ancient firms (before 1800AD) is based on the events of the past years. This period gave a lot of knowledge about management. The scientific management era (Fredrick W. Taylor in 1856 – 1917). He developed a method known as scientific management, which is the method used... read more

Leadership is generally defined as influence, the art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly toward the achievement of group goals. This concept can be enlarged to imply not only willingness to work with zeal and confidence zeal reflects order, earnestness, and intensity in the execution of work, confidence reflects, and experience and technical ability. To lead is to guide, conduct, direct, and proceed. Leaders act to help a group achieve objectives with the maximum... read more

In managing an organization many process or techniques are employed (for instance recruitment training and development staffing etc) one of the objective of any organization whether profit or non-profit oriented will be to have maximum productivity. This the improtant of human resource management in the accomplishment of organization goal is involved in production or services the labour imput is vital to its success given the significant influence which employee have on productivity without... read more

The roles played by small scale industries in the growth of any economy cannot be over emphasized. This has been the singular reason why both government groups and individuals in business always place greater emphasis.on the unique human activity. This also accounts for its dominating prominence in government policy statement. Much multinational or even supranational business today stated as small scale business. This therefore implies that small scale is the beginning of every big business. ... read more

Leadership is an ageless topic. The word ‘leadership’ is used in two very different ways in everyday conversation. Sometimes, it refers to a process that helps direct and mobilize people and their ideas and at other times, it refers to a group of people in formal position where leadership is expected. Leadership is influencing people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation while operating to accomplish the mission and improving the organization. So many people mistake leadership ... read more

One area of an organizational success is the management of workers in the organization. Business in a market economy depends on certain resources such as the financial resources material resources and human resources. It is through the combination of these resources that the attainment of the goal is achieved. However the most significant and complex component for the attainment of the organizational success is the human resource. The concept of human resource according to Udo-Udoak... read more

Entrepreneurship started when people began to produce more products than they required, as such they had to exchange these surplus with others who also wanted to dispose off their surplus. By this way, producers came to realize that they can concentrated in their areas of production to produce more and then exchange with what they needed. Therefore, through this exchange of products, entrepreneurship started. According to Schumpeter (1961) Entrepreneurship means doing new things or doing thi... read more

Organizational culture refers to a system of shared assumptions, values, and beliefs that show people what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. These values have a strong influence on employee behavior as well as organizational performance. In fact, the term organizational culture was made popular in the 1980s when Peters and Waterman’s best-selling book In Search of Excellence made the argument that company success could be attributed to an organizational culture that was decisive, cust... read more

Policy is defined in the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary as a definite course or method of action selected from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. Policy can also be defined as making decisions that reflect values and allocating resources based on those values. Thus, policy represents a particular political, ethical, or programmatic viewpoint. Governmental policy reflects theoretical or experiential assumptions about what is required to resolve a particular... read more

The use of e-commerce websites can lead to accepting and satisfying intentions and then influence customer satisfaction behavior towards an e-commerce websiteCustomer satisfaction is how satisfied a customer is with the supplied product/service. It is closely related to interpersonal trust [Geyskens, Steenkamp, Scheer, and Kumar 1996]. [Zins 2001], stated , it is expected that a higher level of customer satisfaction will lead to greater loyalty. However, the impact of satisfaction on custome... read more