Compensation can be defined as all of the rewards earned by employee in return for their labour. This includes; a) Direct financial compensation consisting of pay received in the form of wages, salaries, bonuses and commissions provided at regular and consistent intervals. b) Indirect financial compensation including all financial rewards that are not included in direct compensation and can be understood to form part of the social contract between employer and employee such a... read more

The increase in oil boom in the 70’s was an era of huge and expensive prospect of doubtful utility and viability. However, the heavy dependence on oil and imported input rendered the Nigerian economy to be sensitive to external shocks with the collapse of the world oil market in the mids 1981, an economic crisis emerged in Nigeria, various control measures were put in place in order to correct the disturbing situation between 1982 – 1985 but these measures failed to deal effectively with the... read more

Investing in human resources through training and management development improves individual employee capabilities and organizational performance. Training of workers is a very essential tool for human resource development, but this can only become relevant after a workers’ training need assessment has been conducted. Training needs assessment is define as an ongoing process of gathering data to determine what training needs exist so that training can be developed to help the organization acco... read more

Prior to the 1970s, the view that large firms were the cornerstone of a modern economy dominated the literature (Nnanna, 2003). The theory of economies of scale, which is predicated on the advantages of large scale operations prevailed. Thus, entrepreneurial business was seen as belonging to the past; out-moded, and a sign of technological backwardness. More recently, however, this view has shifted due to the important role played by relatively small entrepreneurial business firms in promoting i... read more

Total Quality Management (TQM) is considered an important driving force because it has captured the attention of all sides of commerce and industry, as well as that of politicians and academics (Yavas & Shemwell, 2001). Quality improvement has become one of the most important organizational strategies for achieving competitive advantage. Improving the quality with which an organization can deliver its products and services is critical for competing in an expanding global market. Barney, (1991... read more

The effect of manpower development on employee’s productivity and organization performance has attracted considerable interest in analytical and empirical literature. On the whole, human resources management theory has paid considerable attention to this subject matter (Dhamodharan 2010). Manpower development is very vital to job productivity and organization performance since the formal educational system does not adequately provide specific job skills for a position in a particular orga... read more

The organization development is a vital exercise that must be carried out with a successful conclusion if technological bondage is to be avoided in the nation. In our society today there is need for adopting a creative approach for our technological take off. The reason is to encouraged employees to cultivate the ability of making maximum use of resource available to them, develop new ways of resources utilization that may come in the course of their job. Since Nigeria independence,... read more

Over some years ago, psychologists, managers and students of management have given increased concern to the need for human motivation at the work place. They found this concept useful to both explaining human behaviour, particularly in work situations to increase the productivity of workers. The purpose of motivation is to increase one’s performance and to attain a standard of excellence in any endeavour. Managers in all types of organization are continually faced with the problem of... read more

Robert H. Heywood, Bruce and Graham 1997, started that capital is the money used by expensive piece of heavy equipment such as bulldozer a sawmill or a tractor-trailer. According to Abner 1990, capital is the most important of all the factors of production. He noted that the more a country uses her capital, the higher the rate of industrialization and therefore, the rate of development, to him, the reason for this is because the developing countries have less of capital that they ... read more

Enterprise states the committee true and reward for primate enterprise and self equipment it is an economy that appreciates creativity, initiative and hard work. Our country Nigeria is one of such economy. Therefore, people are now self determined to their way of life somebody seems to be thinking of what he or she will be doing with his hand or brains, since it is understood that t he government cannot provide gainful employment for all the citizens. Ever since 1960, the country... read more

The theory, the management of people is not different from the management of other success of organizations. In practice, what makes it different is the nature of the resources, people. One set of perspective views the human being as potentially a creative and complex resource whose behavior is influenced by many diverse factors originating from either the individual or the surrounding environment. Organizational behavior theorists, for example, suggest that the behaviouar and performance of th... read more

Total quality management practice is a firm-wide management philosophy of continuously improving the quality of the products/services/processes by focusing on the customers’ needs and expectations to enhance customer retention, satisfaction and firm performance. There are mixed results about the relationship between total quality management practices and customer retention, satisfaction and performance. However, this study will examine the impact of total quality management practices on custom... read more

Pinchot (1984) defined intrapreneurs as "dreamers who do. Those who take hands-on responsibility for creating innovation of any kind, within a business". In 1992, The American Heritage Dictionary acknowledged the popular use of a new word, intrapreneur, to mean "A person within a large corporation who takes direct responsibility for turning an idea into a profitable finished product through assertive risk-taking and innovation". The researcher is of the opinion that such risk taking and innovati... read more

The history of cement production in Nigeria can be traced back to 1957. From the onset, about three cement plants were commissioned by the Northern, Eastern and Mid-Western regional governments. Later, other companies such as Ashaka Cement, Benue Cement Company (BCC), West African Portland Cement Company (WAPCO) and Cement Company of Northern Nigeria (CCNN) and a host of others were established. But today, there are many cement manufacturing companies/plants in Nigeria with plants located across... read more

The contribution of apprenticeship to jobs and skills has long been appreciated by countries eager to promote growth and ease the transition from full-time education to work for young people. Both France and England have around 5 per cent of 16-24 year olds in apprenticeship and have made strenuous efforts to expand numbers (Cilpepper & Thelen, 2008). Currently, however, places offered by employers are not sufficient to meet the huge demand from young people or to have much impact on youth unemp... read more

Work life balance describes the relationship between your work and the commitments in the rest of your life, and how they impact on one another.Employers, employees and government want to maximise participation in the workforce. However, in our demanding lives many people struggle to balance work and the responsibilities of caring for children, family members with a disability or elderly parents.For other workers it's often difficult to find time outside work for study, volunteering, taking care... read more

Supply-chain management and it encompasses all of those integrated activities that bring product to market and create satisfied customers. The Supply Chain Management Program integrates topics from manufacturing operations, purchasing, transportation, and physical distribution into a unified program. Successful supply chain management, then, coordinates and integrates all of these activities into a seamless process. It embraces and links all of the partners in the chain. In addition to the depar... read more

Small medium enterprises (SMEs) are considered the backbone of economic growth in all countries. They play an important role in Nigerians economic growth, as they constitute 97.2% of the companies in Nigeria .They also contribute to national development by positively influencing the distribution of income in both functional and nominal terms. In emphasizing the importance of SMEs ,Rogers,2014, stated; they enhance capacity building as they serve as entrepreneurial training avenues ; they creat... read more

Organizational structure defines how individuals and groups are organized or how their tasks are divided and coordinated (Mintzberg, 1983). In this changing world, companies have had to learn how to formulate and implement their strategies through projects and organizational structures in order to successfully face threats and opportunities. However, the management of multiple projects is not easy due to its complexity. Theories on organizational structures started with the identification of ... read more

The role of the small and medium enterprises (SME) as a catalyst for economic growth and development has been well documented in the economic literature and recognized in most countries. For example, in many of the newly industrialized nations, more than Ninety eight (98) percent of all industrial enterprises belong to the small and medium enterprises sector and account for the large mass of the labour force. Small and medium enterprises enjoyed competitive advantage over large enter... read more