Entrepreneurship started when people began to produce more products than they required, as such they had to exchange these surplus with others who also wanted to dispose off their surplus. By this way, producers came to realize that they can concentrated in their areas of production to produce more and then exchange with what they needed. Therefore, through this exchange of products, entrepreneurship started. According to Schumpeter (1961) Entrepreneurship means doing new things or doing thi... read more

Union Bank of Nigeria plc was established in 1917 as a colonial Bank with its branch in Lagos in 1925. Barclay’s dominion colonial and overseas was formed to take over the activities of the bank. Between 1959 and 1970, fifty new branches were established. In 1969 the bank was legally incorporated in Nigeria as a wholly owned subsidiary of Barclays Bank International limited. The ownership structure remained unchanged until 1971 when 8.33% of the banks shares were offered to Nigerians. In the s... read more

As long as human being need each other in behaviour and action economic activities as well as administration are becoming more and more complex, organizations are lending towards grouping together, while in sit of organizations are globally. Institutions in the same group or ministries may frequently be separated geographically by considerable distance. Often therefore, it is impossible for a public organization and administrators to hold effective meeting or to contact all interested parties... read more

Business is absolutely a complex activity. This is because it involves a lot of technicalities ranging from the task of planning to control of such plans in order to achieve the desire objectives of profit maximization. It is in view of this, that this study is mainly centered on the floating of a business to a stage where it finds it difficult to keep it’s head above water. In the late 70s business was in its period of boom, the economy was doing well at that point in time and the exchange... read more

Traditional budgeting has been criticized for a long time now for its inadequacy as a means of management control. Criticisms concerning its inadequate practices in a changing business environment emerged as early as the mid 1980’s with Johnson and Kaplan (1987) seminal book relevance lost? It called also note from the work of Allen (1998). Who stated that the rapid changes in today’s business environment renders a rigid approach to budgetary control obsolete. It is no longer helpful in h... read more

Organisations uses performance appraisal their strength and weaknesses and to improve in their operations. Performance appraisal is defined as the formal assessment and rating of individual workers by the supervisors and the manager. In any organisation, manpower remains the most prominent and the most valuable assets among other factors of production. It is this reason performance appraisal is given recognition as a tool to improve organisational activities. Nigeria Bottling Company Pl... read more

Knowledge management was scientific discipline in earlier 1990s, supported solely by practitioners after sometime Leif Eduinsson of Sweden, the world’s first chief knowledge officer (CKO) became interested in not only practical but also theoretical aspects of knowledge management. Knowledge management (km) comprises ranges of strategies and practices used in an organization to identify, create, represent, distribute and enable adoption of insights and experiences, such insight and experienc... read more

A firm usually evaluates its working capital management whether small or medium. The sole motive of every business is to make profit. Many organization can be seen to have bee forced out of business simply because of inadequate or excessive management of working capital. This could be as a result of overtrading, under trading, lack of a careful appraisal of the procedure of organization of business and probably due to future to review the effectiveness or other wise of existing system of c... read more

Generally in Nigeria, banks are usually accused by customer’s of number of short comings, which are regarded as problems and failure in banking system. These include lack of awareness by customers of the services they offer subjecting the customers to long queues unsympathetic staff in terms of courtesy and efficiency, intricals and unprogressive lending policies and procedures irregular issue of statement etc, all these result in low level of customer satisfaction. At moment, Nigeria is fa... read more

Attempts to explain the operation of commercial banks began with the inception of banking institution. Lending has become a vital role in banking operations because of its direct effect on economic growth and business department. In most countries, banks and their lending activities have useful integrated into government policy formulation. As far as banks are concerned, their role as lenders is important as that of deposit taking into consideration; the interrelationship in banking system. All ... read more

Today, work-life balance has become an increasingly pervasive concern to both employers and employees of most organisations. Work-life balance which primarily deals with an employee’s ability to properly prioritize between work and his or her lifestyle, social life, health, family etc., is greatly linked with employee productivity, performance and job satisfaction. Where there is proper balance between work and life, employees tend to put in their best efforts at work, because their family is ... read more

The greatest asset of any company is its human resources that ensure that achievement of the company’s goal and objective. (Human resource Article, 2012). It is unfortunate that most company’s or organization have neglected the development and management of their chief asset which is human resource (human resource Article 2012). According to Susan, (2012), human Management is the function within an organization that focused on recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the... read more

Marketing is an integral part of any organization. This would help increase customer base and make an organization very popular if adequately and properly done. Marketing is the action or business ofpromoting and selling products or services, including market research and advertising( Wikipedia). It can also be a process for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offeringsthat have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. Organizations that want to be successful... read more

Employees are major assets of any organization. The active role they play towards an organizational success cannot be underestimated. As a result, equipping these unique assets through effective human capital management becomes imperative in order to maximize the job performance, attain organizational goals and also position them to take on the challenges of today’s global competitive business climate.However, in recent times, many organizations employee human capital as much as possible but a... read more

Increasingly in the contemporary organization, human resourcing strategies are based on three premises: 1. People-first 2. High-performance 3. High-commitment Armstrong (2012) suggested that people-first focus is a pre-cursor to winning commitment and mobilising the workforce in executing corporate strategy. Success in a highly competitive, global marketplace demands high commitment but also high performance, and organisations are increasingly focusing on develo... read more

Researchers all over the world has advocated the need for manager or consultant to constantly examines and evaluates an employee's work behavior and productivity by comparing it with preset standards, document the results of the comparison, and use the results to provide feedback to the employee to show where improvements are needed and why (Miles, 2002). This therefore enables managers to know the areas to invest in for optimal performance. Performance assessment is employed to determine who... read more

The modern world is information oriented, thus management becomes more concerned about communication with employees. Hence communication is vital tool for effective management in an enterprise. The need for effective communication has become paramount because most managers found it difficult to understand why efficiency is not as certain in an organization. However, communication integrates, coordinate and synchronize organization activities. In an organization, there is need for harmoniza... read more

Material Management, as practiced in business today, can be defined as “a confederacy of traditional material activities bound by a common idea. The idea of an integrated management approach to planning, comersion flow and distribution of products materials form the raw materials state to the finished state. (Iornum, 2007). The above definition implies that material management is generally concerned with the flow of materials from the source of supply through the production line to the fina... read more

In any evaluation of the condition necessary for the growth and survival of an organization, the role of performance appraisal is a strategic factor. It is believed that both the individual and the organization need to know how well actual performance is contributing to the accomplishment of the job plans, the staffing plan, and ultimately the overall strategic plan of the organization. In addition, the individual employee requires feedback relative to his or her own goals development, as well a... read more

The Need for Appraisal of Material Management Concepts as a strategy for achieving higher productivity and to make up with the growing complexity of industrial needs. Management performance appraisals is one of the most important opportunities in effective delivery of the company’s set objective if done correctly, performance appraisals can help close the gap between the actual performance of the company and the performance needed to make corporate objectives. Appraisals Management can be c... read more