he seed may either have single embryo, producing one seedling or poly embryonic, producing several seedlings that are identical but not always true to the parent type. It is impossible to distinguished true – to – type from zygotic seedlings from the same fruit. Some seedling produce numerous tiny purthenocapic fruits which fail to develop and abort. Mango trees tend to be alternate bearing mango is considered the undisputed and uncrowned king of all fruits mango is found all over India and ... read more

n Babylon about 5000 BC, ancient Egypt about 3000BC, pre – Hispanic Mexico about 2000 BC, and Sudan about 1500 BC. There is also evidence of leavened bread in ancient Egypt about the year. 1500BC. The Chinese were probably the first to develop vegetable fermentation (Wikipedia, 2006). Fermentation has been used to make alcoholic beverage, since ancient times, people who lived along the Nile River in North east Africa brewed beer around 3000 BC. It was not until the 1800’s that scientists pa... read more

Phyllanthus amarus (P. amarus) is a broad spectrum mechanical plant that has received world-word recognition (Srividiya and pervalslaas). In Nigeria, it is called “Oyomokeisoamankedem” in Efik, “Iyin Olobe” in Yoruba and “Ebebenizo” in Bini (Etta, 2008). P. amarus is generally employed to reduce pain, expel intestine gas, to stimulate and promote digestion, as anti-helminthes to expel intestinal worms and act as a mild laxative. P. amarus also has antiseptic, diaretic, antiral, anti... read more

Snails belong to class Gastropoda, a classification that includes land, freshwater and sea snails and slugs. Snail’s ancestors are one of the earliest known types of animals in the world. There is fossil evidence of primitive gastropods dating back to the late Cambrian period this means that they lived nearly 500 million years ago. Gastropods are able to adapt to a variety of living conditions and they don’t require large amounts of food. They have been able to continually evolve to ... read more

Manihot esculenta with common names ‘‘cassava’’, is a woody shrub of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae native to South America. It is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. Cassava can also be classified into different species which include M. aesculifolia (AES), M. Brachyloba (BLO), M. Carthaginensis (CTH), M. Esulenta subsp, M. Tristis (TST). However, it contains cynogens (1.3%)... read more

Heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentration. Example of the heavy metals include; Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) etc. Heavy metal contamination of the environment can be caused by parent material in the soil or anthropogenic activities, including fertilization application of pesticides and traffic etc. The level of environmental pollution is a worldwide concern to both the governmen... read more

ympanotonus fuscatus var-radula is found in the intertidal zone at low water mark in several parts of the world. Tympanotonus fuscatus var-radula crawls about under water but usually remain passive when left uncovered by the tides, considerable amount of Tympanotonus fuscatus are obtained daily for food and they have been found to be rich in protein and carbohydrate (Egonwan, 1980) estimated the crude protein of Tympanotonus sp to be 21.04, the muscle tissue contains high concentration of free a... read more

The cavity of the endosperm contains watery fluid called coconut water which begin to form around two months after the natural opening of the inflorescence (Janick and Pull, 2008). It is rich in vitamins, amino acids, minerals and sugar (George, 2001). The coconut water is isotonic in nature. It’s biologically pure with pleasant sweet taste which is of immense health benefits to human (Adams and Bratt, 2000). Coconut water contains both macro and micro minerals which play vital roles i... read more

is study is worth pursuing because improved infrastructure will enhances port cargo delivery in Nigerian ports, increased port productivity and performance and increased through put variables such as ship turn round time, cargo traffic loss through other ports e.g Cotonou, vessel delay time etc. the efficient infrastructure tends to help tackle port congestion problems, making Nigerian ports a hub in the West African Region, protect vessels and quays wall against damages as well as allowing for... read more

assumptions, the gross domestic product, the value of Nigeria's external reserves and payment of external debt were used as proxies for the level of economic development respectively. a simple regression analysis was applied using time series data. The findings of the study are that a significant and positive relationship between the shipment leaves the ocean exports and gross domestic product, foreign reserves and payment of external debt. Also the export shipping trade, is an important factor ... read more

rformance Management, with the hope that people can make an impact on performance, by leading or contributing to the development and successful implementation of high performance work practices, particularly those concerned with job and work design, flexible working, resourcing (increasing skills and extending the skills base), reward and giving employees a voice; the formulation and embedding of a clear vision and set of values (the big idea); the development of a positive psychological contrac... read more

Plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) are insecticidal substances produced by plants after genetic modification. For instance, a gene that codes for a specific Baccilus thuringiensis biocidal protein is introduced into a crop plant's genetic material. Then, the plant manufactures the protein. Since the biocide is incorporated into the plant, additional applications, at least of the same compound, are not required. Inorganic insecticides are manufactured with metals and include arsenates, coppe... read more

Rice paddy of (husk ash) is one of the most silica rich raw materials containing about 90-98% silica (after complete combustion) among the family of other agro wastes. Rice husk is a popular boiler fuel and the ash generated usually creates disposal problems. The chemical process discussed not only provides a solution for waste disposal but also recovers a valuable silica product, together with certain useful associate recoveries.

The light texture, moisturizing capabilities and stable shelf life of watermelon seed oil makes it a highly suitable emollient in natural baby care formulations and light body emulsions. Unlike mineral oil that is a common ingredient in commercial skin projects, watermelon seed oil does not clog pores or prevent the body from natural elimination of toxins through the skin. The rich composition of essential fatty acid contained in watermelon seed oil nourishes and restores elasticity to the skin ... read more

The coconut palm is the most important perennial source of oil, which is grow in India. The cultivation of coconut spread over the entire coastal belt and also some interior tracts compared to all other oil seed crops coconut has the highest productivity as well as consistency in production. Compared to all other seed crops coconut is less susceptible to abnormal climatic conditions. Coconut oil production in India Rotaries and expellers are used for crushing the dry coconut) known as copra) for... read more

The project is aimed and designed to evaluate the production of liquid and vapourised air freshener with an attempt to show the key ingredient used in the production of liquid and vapourised air freshener. The study reveals that air freshener is a product designed to mask or remove unpleasant room odors. These products typically deliver fragrance and other odor counteractants into the air. Other objectives of these studies are stated below: 1. To provide liquid and vapourised air fre... read more

One of the major problems encountered by the researcher is the monetary problem. There was no sufficient money to make the purchasing of all necessary materials for the research work. There was also the problem of meeting some personalities to get information from them. Because of that, the researcher found it difficult to collect all the necessary information. Time on the other hand was a big limitation as the researcher has other lectures to attend alongside the project report.

In leaching, there are four important factors to be considered which the particles size, solvent temperature and agitation of the fluid. Generally, the process can be considered in three solute as it dissolve in the solvent, its diffusion through the solvent in the pores of the solid to outside of the particles. And the transfer of the solute from the solution in contact with the particles to he main bulk of the solution. And of these process may be responsible for limiting the rapidly that it h... read more

This project is aimed at the analysis of cashew nut and its oil. The main objective of this study is to carry out proximate analysis and physio-chemical properties of cashew nut oil extracted by solvent methods this physio-chemical properties determines are specific gravity , refractive index, pH value and value peroxide value and saponification value, to achieve the objective of this project, it is important to:

Finally, this research project work will be of more importance to the paint manufacturers in the country, who spend lost of money for importations of raw material, while they are bless with much raw materials as pigments and extenders for emulsion paint production in their country, it will also be of help to students researchers, and also reveals the importance of research among producers for future betterment and economy improvement.