The cleaning action of soapsbecause of their ability to emulsify or disperse water-insoluble materials and hold them in the suspension of water. This ability is seen from the molecular structure of soaps. When soap is added to water that contains oil or other water-insoluble materials, the soap or detergent molecules surround the oil droplets. The oil is, dissolved in the alkyl groups of the soap molecules while the ionic end allows it to be dissolved in water. As a result, the oil droplets are ... read more

Soaps are essentially the sodium or potassium salts of various fatty acids, while detergents are very complex mixtures of many substances, all chosen to impart a particular action in cleaning. The polar end of the detergent molecule consists of sulphonic acid ( - SO3H) or hydrogen sulphate (-OSO3H) group present in the form of its sodium salt to increase solubility. The non-polar end of the detergent molecule is a long alkyl – substituted benzene chain. Extensively branched chains are not b... read more

Finally, this research project work will be of more importance to the paint manufacturers in the country, who spend lost of money for importations of raw material, while they are bless with much raw materials as pigments and extenders for emulsion paint production in their country, it will also be of help to students researchers, and also reveals the importance of research among producers for future betterment and economy improvement.

This project is aimed at the analysis of cashew nut and its oil. The main objective of this study is to carry out proximate analysis and physio-chemical properties of cashew nut oil extracted by solvent methods this physio-chemical properties determines are specific gravity , refractive index, pH value and value peroxide value and saponification value, to achieve the objective of this project, it is important to:

In leaching, there are four important factors to be considered which the particles size, solvent temperature and agitation of the fluid. Generally, the process can be considered in three solute as it dissolve in the solvent, its diffusion through the solvent in the pores of the solid to outside of the particles. And the transfer of the solute from the solution in contact with the particles to he main bulk of the solution. And of these process may be responsible for limiting the rapidly that it h... read more

One of the major problems encountered by the researcher is the monetary problem. There was no sufficient money to make the purchasing of all necessary materials for the research work. There was also the problem of meeting some personalities to get information from them. Because of that, the researcher found it difficult to collect all the necessary information. Time on the other hand was a big limitation as the researcher has other lectures to attend alongside the project report.

The project is aimed and designed to evaluate the production of liquid and vapourised air freshener with an attempt to show the key ingredient used in the production of liquid and vapourised air freshener. The study reveals that air freshener is a product designed to mask or remove unpleasant room odors. These products typically deliver fragrance and other odor counteractants into the air. Other objectives of these studies are stated below: 1. To provide liquid and vapourised air fre... read more

The coconut palm is the most important perennial source of oil, which is grow in India. The cultivation of coconut spread over the entire coastal belt and also some interior tracts compared to all other oil seed crops coconut has the highest productivity as well as consistency in production. Compared to all other seed crops coconut is less susceptible to abnormal climatic conditions. Coconut oil production in India Rotaries and expellers are used for crushing the dry coconut) known as copra) for... read more

The light texture, moisturizing capabilities and stable shelf life of watermelon seed oil makes it a highly suitable emollient in natural baby care formulations and light body emulsions. Unlike mineral oil that is a common ingredient in commercial skin projects, watermelon seed oil does not clog pores or prevent the body from natural elimination of toxins through the skin. The rich composition of essential fatty acid contained in watermelon seed oil nourishes and restores elasticity to the skin ... read more

Rice paddy of (husk ash) is one of the most silica rich raw materials containing about 90-98% silica (after complete combustion) among the family of other agro wastes. Rice husk is a popular boiler fuel and the ash generated usually creates disposal problems. The chemical process discussed not only provides a solution for waste disposal but also recovers a valuable silica product, together with certain useful associate recoveries.

Plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) are insecticidal substances produced by plants after genetic modification. For instance, a gene that codes for a specific Baccilus thuringiensis biocidal protein is introduced into a crop plant's genetic material. Then, the plant manufactures the protein. Since the biocide is incorporated into the plant, additional applications, at least of the same compound, are not required. Inorganic insecticides are manufactured with metals and include arsenates, coppe... read more

Even if the raw material locally available in commercial quantities and at reasonable cost, and with other advantage, natural product must be used in other to achieve a certain richness and natural character in perfumes. Although study is progressing material and in reconstructing them by synthesis the moment is still far of when gravity, solubility, refractive index, optical rotation, acid value, ester value, iodine value and among other. A knowledge of these physical characteristics help in t... read more

oxygen content than fossil diesel. This improves the combustion and reduces the particulate emission from un-burnt carbon. Biodiesel is also safe to handle and transport because it is as biodegradable as sugar, ten times less toxic than table salt, has a high flash point of about 300oF (148oC) compared to petroleum diesel fuel, which has a flash point of 125oF (52oC). Current commercial production of biodiesel (FAME) is via homogeneous transesterification but this process has a lot of limitation... read more

n evaluating the relevance of pollution cleanup standards, thereare many things that must be considered. Risk factors such as fate, transport, and toxicity of constituents, and monetary factors such as expected cost of remediation are but just afew of the considerations that must be addressed in such an endeavor.This hypothesis evaluates, from a risk and cost perspective, the use of TPH as a cleanupstandard for remediation of petroleum contaminated soils and compares the use of a TPHstandard to ... read more

Vegetables and fruits are essential foods in our diet and also have many compounds that are beneficial for health due to minor components which include phenolic substances (Francisco et al., 2012). The consumption of the tropical-subtropical fruit, avocado, has increased considerably in the last century throughout Nigeria. There seems to be potential for further increases in consumption in the future (Manuela, 2011).Nowadays, great importance has been attached to oils from fruits and seeds, this... read more

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Lignocellulosic biomass (e.g. sawdust obtained from wood) provides a unique and sustainable resource for environmentally safe organic fuels and chemicals. Furthermore, due to the abundance of lignocellulosic materials, its conversion to ethanol (a biofuel) is considered one of the most important uses of biomass as an energy source in the modern world especially in the United States, Europe and Asia (Kheshgi, 2000). ... read more