The cavity of the endosperm contains watery fluid called coconut water which begin to form around two months after the natural opening of the inflorescence (Janick and Pull, 2008). It is rich in vitamins, amino acids, minerals and sugar (George, 2001). The coconut water is isotonic in nature. It’s biologically pure with pleasant sweet taste which is of immense health benefits to human (Adams and Bratt, 2000). Coconut water contains both macro and micro minerals which play vital roles i... read more

ympanotonus fuscatus var-radula is found in the intertidal zone at low water mark in several parts of the world. Tympanotonus fuscatus var-radula crawls about under water but usually remain passive when left uncovered by the tides, considerable amount of Tympanotonus fuscatus are obtained daily for food and they have been found to be rich in protein and carbohydrate (Egonwan, 1980) estimated the crude protein of Tympanotonus sp to be 21.04, the muscle tissue contains high concentration of free a... read more

Heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentration. Example of the heavy metals include; Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) etc. Heavy metal contamination of the environment can be caused by parent material in the soil or anthropogenic activities, including fertilization application of pesticides and traffic etc. The level of environmental pollution is a worldwide concern to both the governmen... read more

Manihot esculenta with common names ‘‘cassava’’, is a woody shrub of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae native to South America. It is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. Cassava can also be classified into different species which include M. aesculifolia (AES), M. Brachyloba (BLO), M. Carthaginensis (CTH), M. Esulenta subsp, M. Tristis (TST). However, it contains cynogens (1.3%)... read more

Snails belong to class Gastropoda, a classification that includes land, freshwater and sea snails and slugs. Snail’s ancestors are one of the earliest known types of animals in the world. There is fossil evidence of primitive gastropods dating back to the late Cambrian period this means that they lived nearly 500 million years ago. Gastropods are able to adapt to a variety of living conditions and they don’t require large amounts of food. They have been able to continually evolve to ... read more

Phyllanthus amarus (P. amarus) is a broad spectrum mechanical plant that has received world-word recognition (Srividiya and pervalslaas). In Nigeria, it is called “Oyomokeisoamankedem” in Efik, “Iyin Olobe” in Yoruba and “Ebebenizo” in Bini (Etta, 2008). P. amarus is generally employed to reduce pain, expel intestine gas, to stimulate and promote digestion, as anti-helminthes to expel intestinal worms and act as a mild laxative. P. amarus also has antiseptic, diaretic, antiral, anti... read more

n Babylon about 5000 BC, ancient Egypt about 3000BC, pre – Hispanic Mexico about 2000 BC, and Sudan about 1500 BC. There is also evidence of leavened bread in ancient Egypt about the year. 1500BC. The Chinese were probably the first to develop vegetable fermentation (Wikipedia, 2006). Fermentation has been used to make alcoholic beverage, since ancient times, people who lived along the Nile River in North east Africa brewed beer around 3000 BC. It was not until the 1800’s that scientists pa... read more

he seed may either have single embryo, producing one seedling or poly embryonic, producing several seedlings that are identical but not always true to the parent type. It is impossible to distinguished true – to – type from zygotic seedlings from the same fruit. Some seedling produce numerous tiny purthenocapic fruits which fail to develop and abort. Mango trees tend to be alternate bearing mango is considered the undisputed and uncrowned king of all fruits mango is found all over India and ... read more

All chemical pose a risk to the health and safety of persons in the workplace to some extent and for this reason there are some basic requirements in the work health and safety legislation. Hazardous substances have the potential to harm the health and safety of people at the workplace. Control of hazardous substance is of various ways due to the nature. (Hazardous Health Manuel, University of Uyo, 2000). Many chemicals have both health and physiochemical hazards. Manufacturers a... read more

Heavy metals are any metals exposure to which is clinically undesirable and constitute a potential hazard. The presence of heavy metal in the aquatic environment is the major concern because of their toxicity of animal life, thus disturbing the natural ecological balance (Bhattachary et al., 2008). The occurrence of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystem in excess of natural. Load has becomes a wide spread problem and a matter concern individual life in an environment (Voegborlo et al, 1999). The sou... read more

Wastes are everywhere. These substances are unpleasant to see and also bring harmful effects to our health and environment. Example of this waste is the manure of the animals like the cow. Cow dung causes a problem when these are just leave behind the sidewalks streets or in an open field. If these substances decomposed in places like these , though the manure are gone but the micro organisms they carried still remain. And we should not treat these organisms as small issues because these... read more

he term ‘Viscosity’ describes a material’s property from a physicists point of view, it is a fluids thickness. Scientifically speaking, It is the measure of a fluids internal flow resistance to being deformed. (Szekely, 1999). Some liquid flow more easily than others do, for example honey is very thick and flows very slowly. Water is very thin and flow very quickly with this it shows that one is more viscous than the other. (Battle et al., 1990). Viscosity can be defined as a term used ... read more

Toilet is also one of public facilities, which is frequently used by people and located indoor. In recent years, Scientist and public have put much concern about indoor air quality in toilet systems. Several studies have found out that indoor air pollution levels to be greater than outdoor levels (USEPA, 2001). Thus it is risky to health posed by indoor air pollution than those posed by outdoor air pollution. Therefore maintaining good air quality in toilet is essential in order to keep it hygie... read more

Never to be forgotten is our impeccable supervisor, Dr. C. E. Mokobia, whom we address as “father”, for his fatherly efforts and guidance throughout the course of this research and in making it a success. Our appreciation also goes to the Head of Department, Physics, Dr. Ekpekpo Arthur and all lecturers and staff of the department for their impartation and to all those who contributed to the success of this work in one way or the other. Our since

Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds which mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties (Grant, 2005). Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulphur and more rarely other elements such as Chlorine, bromine and phosphorus. The compounds have complex molecular stru... read more

Cassava is a root plant; it originated from South America and spread widely in the Africa countries including Nigeria. It has botanical characterization of Manihots esculenta .It store food in its tuber. The tuber (root) and leave is the edible part of the cassava which is the most source of carbohydrate to man and animals, which in turn when hydrolyze in the process of metabolism to simple sugar glucose – which is the source of energy for man and animals.

Vitamins are organic substances found in most natural foods in rather small amounts and required by the organism in also small amount for the conduct of several chemical and biochemical processes on which the attainment of good nutritional health depends. It can also be defined as organic compounds which occur in natural foodstuffs, either as such or as utilizable precursors, and which are necessary usually in minute’s amounts, for normal growth maintenance, reproduction and health in animals.

The availability of tap has major public health benefits, since it typically vastly reduces the risk to the public contacting water borne diseases. Providing tap water to large urban or suburban populations requires a complex and carefully designed system of collection storage treatment and distribution and is commonly the responsibility of a government agency, often the same agency responsible for the removal and treatment of water (Chartres, 2010).

In the olden days, man has suffered several disease associated with poor oral hygiene, some of which are bacteria plaque on tooth surface, cavities and decay of the tooth. The desire of man to understand the complexities of life within his surroundings had led man to study and found ways to better his living conditions and had persisted to present day.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is an extensively cultivated tuber crop and a staple food for millions of people in the tropical regions of Africa, Latin America and Asia. Globally, in terms of annual production, it is the fifth most important food crop after maize, rice, wheat and potato. Despite all the usefulness of cassava, its use as a food source is limited by its perishability, its low protein content and its potential toxicity. Cassava contains two cyanogenic glucosides, linamarin and a smal... read more