Kits, textbooks, magazines, newspapers, photos, recordings, slides transparencies, films, video, discs, workbooks, and electronic media, including but not limited to music, movies, radio, software, CD ROMS, and on-line services, are examples of instructional materials. Instructional material is critical in the teaching-learning process. It helps students' memory.

The capacity of students or learners to possess writing, listening, reading, and speaking abilities in English Language is referred to as English Language competence. Language competency, often known as linguistic competence, is the capacity of a person to speak or act in a foreign language.

Within the school environment, information and communication technology can be used for school administration and management, teaching and learning of ICT related skills for enhancing the presentation of classroom work, teaching/learning repetitive tasks, teaching/learning intellectual, thinking, and problem-solving skills, stimulating creativity and imagination, conducting research by teachers and students, and communicating with teachers and students.

Illiteracy is the greatest enemy and greatest evil that keeps people in the dark, bound to their traditions and superstitions; it also makes people resistant to change and new ideas, isolating them from progress, leaving them unaware of and incapable of meeting the demands of their changing environment and ever progressing world.

Students are the most important stakeholders and resources in education. It is critical to teach children how to behave in a positive manner both within and outside of the classroom. School administration defines rules and regulations to direct the actions of members of the educational institution in order to produce an orderly and peaceful school environment and maintain law and order.

External evaluation by national governments in the form of school inspections is an old way of assessing educational quality in the world's education system. The first school inspection/supervision began in France around the end of the 18th century, during Napoleon's reign.

Education is seen as the initial step in all human endeavor in this era of globalization and technological development. It is connected to an individual's well-being and possibilities for improved living and plays an important part in the development of human capital.

Education is essential for young people's growth since it prepares them for the world of job and life. Sexual exploration and maturity are increasingly coinciding with secondary schooling as young people spend longer periods of time in school as part of their natural development.

The issue of teenage drug and associated substance misuse is a global health concern that has been acknowledged by numerous organizations such as WHO, RED CROSS, and others. It is a problem that affects the entire world, including Nigeria. Herbs, leaves, and plants have been used to treat and manage ailments since the dawn of time.

Reading ability and linguistic skills are inextricably linked. Numerous studies have discovered a beneficial association between extensive reading and strong academic achievement. This enables individuals to broaden their vocabulary and so acquire information in other academic topic areas, both in the target language (L2) and in their home tongue.

The majority of our schools lack lights, insufficient facilities, sick buildings, and inadequate ventilation, among other things. The majority of our schools, particularly the higher institutions in Nigeria, are influenced by environmental factors, which have an effect on student performance. Thus, in order for the learner to learn effectively and efficiently, it is vital for learning to occur in a favorable atmosphere.

Cooperative group work, peer tutoring, and a variety of other feedback systems such as assignments, examinations, and electronic responses systems such as the personal responses system (PRS) and the personal data assistant (PDA) are examples of instructional strategies that provide a measure of two-way communication in which information about what is taught and learned is exchanged between two people.

The existence of any educational system at whatever level cannot be in isolation of the school facilities. As this had constituted one of the essential variables instrumental to effective teaching and learning processes. Education, whether formal or traditional exists in every society. However, over the years, environment into the secondary education has been on the increase, following series of educational programs being introduced. One of such is the universal basic education (UBE) scheme.

The implications of the coronavirus pandemic saw the abrupt shutting down of higher institutions of learning by government, and students were told to vacate campuses as one of the measures to curb further infections. Such effect curtly distorted the ongoing face-to-face classes programs of the various institutions of learning.

There is a general saying that “there is no smoke without fire,” this also means that there is no organization without communication. Every organization requires the effective utilization and management of effective communication and its related tools for the passing of important information and for improving workers’ relationship with others.

For many years, educators, politicians and people in general have debated on the number of students a teacher can work effectively to ensure students adequate learning. Although most people would agree that having a few student to teacher ratio would benefit the student academically, mainly will also argue that it does not guarantee success and would cost school a great deal or more money.

Chemistry as a science subject plays a vital role in transforming the environment and improving the general quality of life. It is essentially needed for a nation’s technological development. As a core science subject, the proper teaching and learning of chemistry in secondary schools facilitates student’s enrollment in many professional disciplines like Nursing, Medicine, Pharmacy, Agriculture, Engineering and Geology etc.

The cornerstone of formal education is primary education. It is a necessary component of any nation's educational system at the highest level. Primary schools are the foundation upon which all other levels of education and educational successes are constructed; as such, they are an institution upon which all other levels of education and educational achievements are founded.

Low academic achievement frequently causes grief and dissatisfaction in the student concerned, as well as his or her parents and other family members.). However, students' poor academic performance in internal and external tests reflects the issues and challenges confronting Nigeria's educational system today.

Teaching methods may also be described as the use of a variety of teaching strategies and the expansion of a teacher's repertoire in order to optimize students' comprehension. This implies that lecturers, professors, and instructors combine a variety of teaching methods to help pupils learn while also simplifying the educational information they are receiving.