The increase in oil boom in the 70’s was an era of huge and expensive prospect of doubtful utility and viability. However, the heavy dependence on oil and imported input rendered the Nigerian economy to be sensitive to external shocks with the collapse of the world oil market in the mids 1981, an economic crisis emerged in Nigeria, various control measures were put in place in order to correct the disturbing situation between 1982 – 1985 but these measures failed to deal effectively with the... read more

Compensation can be defined as all of the rewards earned by employee in return for their labour. This includes; a) Direct financial compensation consisting of pay received in the form of wages, salaries, bonuses and commissions provided at regular and consistent intervals. b) Indirect financial compensation including all financial rewards that are not included in direct compensation and can be understood to form part of the social contract between employer and employee such a... read more

The use of e-commerce websites can lead to accepting and satisfying intentions and then influence customer satisfaction behavior towards an e-commerce websiteCustomer satisfaction is how satisfied a customer is with the supplied product/service. It is closely related to interpersonal trust [Geyskens, Steenkamp, Scheer, and Kumar 1996]. [Zins 2001], stated , it is expected that a higher level of customer satisfaction will lead to greater loyalty. However, the impact of satisfaction on custome... read more

Policy is defined in the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary as a definite course or method of action selected from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. Policy can also be defined as making decisions that reflect values and allocating resources based on those values. Thus, policy represents a particular political, ethical, or programmatic viewpoint. Governmental policy reflects theoretical or experiential assumptions about what is required to resolve a particular... read more

Organizational culture refers to a system of shared assumptions, values, and beliefs that show people what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. These values have a strong influence on employee behavior as well as organizational performance. In fact, the term organizational culture was made popular in the 1980s when Peters and Waterman’s best-selling book In Search of Excellence made the argument that company success could be attributed to an organizational culture that was decisive, cust... read more

Entrepreneurship started when people began to produce more products than they required, as such they had to exchange these surplus with others who also wanted to dispose off their surplus. By this way, producers came to realize that they can concentrated in their areas of production to produce more and then exchange with what they needed. Therefore, through this exchange of products, entrepreneurship started. According to Schumpeter (1961) Entrepreneurship means doing new things or doing thi... read more

One area of an organizational success is the management of workers in the organization. Business in a market economy depends on certain resources such as the financial resources material resources and human resources. It is through the combination of these resources that the attainment of the goal is achieved. However the most significant and complex component for the attainment of the organizational success is the human resource. The concept of human resource according to Udo-Udoak... read more

Leadership is an ageless topic. The word ‘leadership’ is used in two very different ways in everyday conversation. Sometimes, it refers to a process that helps direct and mobilize people and their ideas and at other times, it refers to a group of people in formal position where leadership is expected. Leadership is influencing people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation while operating to accomplish the mission and improving the organization. So many people mistake leadership ... read more

The roles played by small scale industries in the growth of any economy cannot be over emphasized. This has been the singular reason why both government groups and individuals in business always place greater emphasis.on the unique human activity. This also accounts for its dominating prominence in government policy statement. Much multinational or even supranational business today stated as small scale business. This therefore implies that small scale is the beginning of every big business. ... read more

The name Bank is derived from the Italian word banco “desk/bench” used during the Renaissance by Florentine bankers, who used to make this transaction above a desk covered by a green tablecloth. However there are traces of banking activity even in ancient time. In fact, the word traces its origins back to the ancient Roman Empire, where money lenders would set up their stalls in the middle of enclosed courtyards called Macella on a long bench called Bancu, from which the word Banco and ba... read more

One of the most recent ideas in the history of exchange relations is the marketing concept. The marketing concept is a management orientation that holds that the key task of the organization is to determine the needs and wants of target markets and to adapt the target organization to delivering the desired satisfaction more effectively and efficiently than its competitors. Economic history is well stocked with enough insight into the humble beginnings of present-day great corporations. Eviden... read more

In managing an organization many process or techniques are employed (for instance recruitment training and development staffing etc) one of the objective of any organization whether profit or non-profit oriented will be to have maximum productivity. This the improtant of human resource management in the accomplishment of organization goal is involved in production or services the labour imput is vital to its success given the significant influence which employee have on productivity without... read more

Leadership is generally defined as influence, the art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly toward the achievement of group goals. This concept can be enlarged to imply not only willingness to work with zeal and confidence zeal reflects order, earnestness, and intensity in the execution of work, confidence reflects, and experience and technical ability. To lead is to guide, conduct, direct, and proceed. Leaders act to help a group achieve objectives with the maximum... read more

The historical background of conflict in organization can be seen as far back as the ancient times, which involves the scientific management era, personnel and human relation movement and the modem management period. The ancient firms (before 1800AD) is based on the events of the past years. This period gave a lot of knowledge about management. The scientific management era (Fredrick W. Taylor in 1856 – 1917). He developed a method known as scientific management, which is the method used... read more

Strategic planning which is process chart involves analyzing the opportunities and threats in the market place, while building the strengths and correcting the weaknesses within the firm, also involves setting goals for specific product marker and for the firm (Bernett and Wilsted (1988) and since it is perceived as a mediating force between the organisation and its environment it has become highly imperative for business organisation to adopt it so as to enhance productivity. This is sequel... read more

The environment is a major source of uncertainly to a business manager, and as such both influences the design of any organisation and the configuration of organizational structure. Therefore, without a thorough analysis of the environment, a manager finds it almost impossible to make important operational decisions in his organization, which are vital in the attainment of various business objectives. Hence no business organization can operate successfully in isolation, it has to exist and... read more

One of most topical functions in most organizations in terms of its role and integration into the overall organizational framework is the material or inventory management function. In spite of increasing awareness of the importance of material management in comparison with other business functions such as production, engineering, finance, marketing, personnel, etc. it is in this regard that some of the key concepts of materials or inventory management are to be examined with a view to determinin... read more

In the recent past, the term, “Human Resources Management” has begun to be used instead of personnel management or personnel administration. This is due to the fact that people employed in the organization are resources which are as important, if not more important than financial or material resources. Like fund and materials, people in the health care sector must be given careful and expert attention to enable them maximally utilize other resources of the health care sector. With improve... read more

The role that small scale enterprise plays in the growth of an economy cannot be over emphasized. This is why government, organization and individuals have placed great premium to its development. Most bug business today and the world over started as small scale enterprises. The industrial development interested in America and South-East Asian countries can be traced to numerous small scale enterprises. Their carefully studies and investigations have revealed that in United State, onl... read more

Small and medium scale enterprises play a crucial role in providing a solid base for a country’s socio-economy development. According to Nwankwu (1992) in a speech delivered on the financing opportunities of small and medium scale enterprises. It is estimated that probably up to 90% (ninety percent) of all registered categories of business organization in Nigeria are in the category of small and medium scale (SMSE). The small and medium scale enterprises produce goods and services for both ... read more