Information is not only the basic of human existence. It is also the life wire for running of any organization. This is consequent upon the fact that decisions are based on information for effective decision-making and effective execution of those decisions, there must be constant information flow. Data gathered must be transmitted to the end –users after it had been processed. Information receipt processing, storage, dissemination, etc. may be instant; otherwise valuable business opportuniti... read more

In every organization set-up, indispensable groups are discernible. These groups are known as the employees and the employers. They both constitute the point upon which the activity of the organization revolves. It is said that area of the most common mutual interest where employees and employers may co-operate consciously the advantage of them consist of improving the morale of the worker, promoting efficiency and productivity, eliminating waste, reducing cost of maintenance. Every organi... read more

The stand of economic development is a total sum of all the effective and efficient business activities of the country either home or abroad. There are vital roles, which the financial institutions have to play in this development. The survival and future of a given nation is hooked on the volume of business activities of that nation, also the availability of fund for financing the activities is necessary. The main purpose of financial institution is to aid private individuals and governm... read more

As a result of petroleum products being the major exporting product among others, of our country. Our country solely depends on it as the highest percentage revenue on the overall percentage of the total exportation products or items. In the 1979s after the civil war, Nigerians have Agricultural products as the dependent product in both domestic and international uses. But today due to greater lucrative of this product all over the world, abandoned the former for the latter. As the uses ... read more

The local government, which is the third tier of government, has variously defined by many people. Golding in his book local government defined it simply as the management of their own affairs by the people of a locality. Akpan offered a more comprehensive definition when he wrote that local government entails the breaking down of country in to small units or localities for the purpose of administration, in which the inhabitants of the different units of localities concerned play a direct ... read more

Public relations were not generally a full-time profession until after the first world war-1914-1918. The first practitioners were the press agents of the 1900’s. During that period, public relations was not recognized as a public relations were restricted to publicity and commercial notices (Thompson 2003:39). A change in the traditional public relations practices came first in the united states when IVY L. Lee, a journalist was hired in 1906 as a publicity adviser to a private industrial es... read more

From years back disputer over the terms and conditions of employment are inherent in the employer- employee relationship such disputer have existed from the day an employer hired his first employee in the organization. This disagreement may be as a result of all or some of the problem enumerated below - Employment problems and employment scantiest - Condition of work hours of work shifts. - Remuneration levels method of w... read more

The early colonial administration in Nigeria and indeed English Speaking West African States used traditional authorities in large scale in their system of indirect rule. Ever since then, the relevance of traditional authorities in governance especially in Nigeria has always manifested in divers forms and degrees. This was in realization of the relevance of traditional authorities in the governance of primitive communities and kingdoms as well as the desire by the colonial authorities not to... read more

Ever since the introduction given by Good to man to “Be fruitful and multiply” replenish and subdue the earth” man has alone a lot to pursue this injunction of subduing the earth. By this it entails among other things the development of the world as a macro society for the overall good of man- economically politically socially and otherwise. The wheel of change has been rolling on through the entire world transforming virgin lands deserts oceans and seas to the economic... read more

Financial institutions have a very great role to play in the growth of small scale business everywhere in the world but I will limit my discussion to their roles in Nigeria. Financial institutions could be seen as an institutions which primary function is collecting and giving out funds to individuals, firms, organizations etc. for business purposes. From the definition of financial institution, or its function, one can see that financial institution could aid the growth of small scale bus... read more

The first and only indigenous network provider in Nigeria called NITEL was originally known as post & telegraph communication. It was established during the coloninai era. The Nigeria Telecommunications Limited (NITEL) is a federal Government owned company that provides public telecommunications services in Nigeria it started operations as a company in 1985 as an amalgam of the telecommunications Division of the default P & T Department and the Nigeria External Telecommunications limited (N... read more

The term low productivity refers to the inability of our public organization to produce up to installed capacity. It is when the organization produces up to installed capacity or something nearer that one can say that such organization is doing well. Nigeria is blessed with fiscal and human resources necessary for industrial development and buoyant economy. It has a large and e3xpanding consumption market as well as an emerging and aggressive group capable of exploiting opportunitie4is in bot... read more

Budgeting is essentially concerned with planning and its implementation of expected income and expenditure for a special period of time. There is need for good planning of the budget in every organization because any organization that does not plan and implement its budget is expected to encounter a lot of problems. These problem range from mismanagement of limited research to reckless management habit of not adhering to budgetary control measure. Budget and budgetary control are two accou... read more

The importance of quality cannot be over emphasized.itcan be trance back to the history of early man and his search for selection of fruits, capable of satisfying his need. Historically too, the ancient craftsmen of Egypt or let say other civilized words all over were conscious of what was considered appropriate and understanding. When it comes to creation of aircraft and work of art, many story were been told of how narrow minded megalomaniacs unwilling to let another piece of art to be ... read more

The rate of economic growth is dependent upon the growth in the factors of production and the rate of technical change. Recently, some economists hence shifted the emphasis away from the increase of physical capital to the expansion of high-level manpower such as entrepreneurship development. They maintain that the major obstacle to the economic development of developing countries is not so much a shortage of capital as a lack of absorptive capacity in part from shortage of skills... read more

The industrial revolution of the mid 18th century significantly changed the world of work by introduction machinery. Work moved away from being predominantly agricultural (based on peasantry and tendal land tenures) to factors labor truly became a commodity as workers received only wages for their efforts The factory system of production needs four categories of inputs: money to finance operation, machines to produce goods and services, men to operate the machines and managements ... read more

Ours is an age of rapid change, unrest and conflicting ideologies. Society is unsettled and individuals are apprehensive as group, nations and organized groups within the nation’s struggle for power and control over material resources and man’s mind. It is in such a world setting of tension and discourages that we view the present day relationship between labour and management in Nigeria. In an organization, there are the owners of business who’s primary goals and objectiv... read more

Decision according to the oxford advance learner is the action of deciding a conclusion reached and a judgment arrived at. Therefore decision-making is the most germane activities of management of multifarious organization ranging from small-scale organization to multinational corporations. Decision-making styles through out organizations are changing because the task, the environment and the people have changed. We are no longer marching troops into battle; we do not want blind obedience.... read more

Training and development of human resource have been considered an expend able luxury in terms of financial constraints. The growth and development of any organization depends on its human resources specific cost of management to develop individual skills or a means of developing people for promotion to the next level of organizational leadership. While these views carry some validity it is rapidly becoming apparent that the development of human resources should be regarded in the large context... read more

The importance of human resources in an organization cannot be over emphasized. Every organization depends more on the resources for attainment of its objectives. However the objectives cannot be achieved unless organization made up of employee who have skill knowledge but in the long run. They may find it very difficult to cope with their jobs due to many factors such as organizational changes and so on. The manpower training and development programme is very important activities the manage... read more