THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON MAINTENANCE AND SUSTENANCE OF ADULT EDUCATION

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Globalization is a complicated phenomena with far-reaching implications in Adult Education. As a result, the term "globalization" has taken on a variety of emotional implications. At one extreme, globalization is viewed as an unstoppable and benign force that will bring economic prosperity to people all around the world. On the other hand, it is blamed for all modern woes. Globalization may be defined differently by various experts. It may relate to the transmission, adaption, and evolution of values, knowledge, technology, and behavioral norms across countries and societies in different regions of the world, according to Tesla (2020). Globalization is commonly associated with the growth of global networking (e.g., the internet, global e-communication, and transportation), global transfer and interflow in technological, economic, social, political, cultural, and learning areas, international alliances and competitions, international collaboration and exchange, global village, multicultural integration, and the use of international standards and benchmarks.   Globalization, according to Obidike (2021), is the increasing interconnectedness of the world's people on economic, technical, cultural, and political levels. It is viewed as a broad trend toward economic trade liberalization, increased capital, goods, and product movement, and the eradication of national boundaries. Distances have been erased due to the speed of transmission and the comparatively low cost of processing information. The concepts of time and space have been entirely reversed. Consumption models, values, and standardized cultural items tend to make behaviors and attitudes more similar and wipe out distinctions throughout the world. According to UNESCO (1999) and UNDP (1999) studies, the global economic crisis that dominated the 1980s spread as a result of the constraints imposed by economic globalization. It was also noted that "the process of restructuring and social adjustment that has taken place in most countries and is still taking place in some, appear to have had a lasting effect on national politics at the expense of education." The education sector does not currently have the right to preferential treatment or to be exempt from the implementation of rules that limit overall public spending. Adult education, according to UNESCO in Oladapo (2022), is the entire body of organized educational process, regardless of content, level, and method, whether formal or otherwise, whether prolonged or replaced initial education in schools, colleges, and universities, as well as apprenticeship, whereby persons regarded as adults by the society to which they belong develop their abilities, enrich their knowledge, improve their technical or professional qualifications, or turn them into adults. According to Okenimkpe (2003) there are 5 types of adult education

i.          Literacy Adult Education

ii.        Remedial Adult Education

iii.      Vocational Adult Education

iv.      Leisure Adult Education

v.        Foundation/fundamental Adult Education

Literacy includes both initial basic and post literacy, foundation/fundamental includes community development, health extension, family planning, civic and political education, women's education workers education, nomadic education. Vocational education which includes on the job training, agric extension, folk school, continuing education correspondence education, extramural studies, open universities e.t.c. Leisure or Liberal adult education which includes continuing education, evening schools, extension education, aesthetic programme, folk school. Remedial adult education which includes all forms of education acquired to remedy a deficiency.

The impact adult education has on the individual can not be overlooked. It builds the adult, it up grades the adult. Through adult education literacy class, the literates are able to read, write and compute, through this they acquire first hand information on what is going on around them they are able to contribute toward their society and the nation at large.

Through continuing adult education programmes, the individuals are able to increase their knowledge and skills, this increases their productivity as they go through life. Vocational education introduces the individual to new technological training programmes and refresher courses that will update his knowledge and skills.

Foundation/fundamental adult education enables the individual to cope with social and community development because it involves the introduction of new skills, ideas, technique, new ways of thinking and new methods of organization. It does not require any previous educational background. It offers the foundation for a strong and verile community capable of assuming its place and modern world in Oladapo (2008).

Adult education keeps the individual abreast with his rights. The individual is able to live at peace with others in his community, this is because he now knows where his right starts and ends. With the awareness of political education, the individual now understands the right to vote and be voted for this in a way reduces the issues of thuggery in individual communities.

In other words, adult education is crucial for an individual's economic well-being since it helps him acquire paid work; yet, the one who is to be employed must be literate in order to interact with others. Even in self-employment, individuals require adult education to operate more efficiently and economically. For example, a mechanic, dealer, or tailor will run their enterprises more efficiently if they participate in continuing education. Adult education helps individuals obtain access to knowledge through word of mouth and the media. This information is typically valuable to the person, such as information about job prospects or other business chances. Adult education enlightens the individual about his surroundings, culture, and governance. Through adult education programs in his community, the individual is able to appreciate and preserve public infrastructure and facilities. Adult education enables an individual to interact with others and participate in communal decision-making. Adult education enables an individual to embrace change and enjoy his surroundings, as well as to deal with issues as they arise. Adult education has assisted individuals in being aware of their political, economic, social, and civic rights, and as such it argues for the elimination of inequities among people, so supporting equality.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The acquisition of learning materials and the development of teaching and learning abilities, as well as the maintenance and sustenance of adult education, if insufficient, militates against the learner's successful use and application of the learning that has occurred. Exposure, stimulus, and practice are the finest and arguably easiest ways to learn these talents. The more people are exposed to basic learning and teaching abilities, the more they are able to put them into practice on a regular basis. They will quickly learn the skills and freely apply them in solving work-related as well as other life challenges on a social, economic, political, and technical level. Because so many of the centers are not adequately maintained, there is a decrease in the number of individuals who attend the program.

Intriguingly, most Nigerians are not aware of the efficacy of the new technologic in teaching and learning process. Lack of individualized instructions in adult education has not helped the learners to develop their collaborative learning skills, critical skills, individual interests and abilities and rates of learning. Besides, in this 21st century where globalization (the use of information communication technology in education) has made learning easy, simple for all and sundry. Nigerians lack the orientation and information of globalization on the maintenance and sustenance of her educational tradition, culture and norms (adult education). The above problem necessitates the researcher to investigate the effects of globalization on the maintenance and sustenance of adult education.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 

The broad objective of this study is focused on  the impact of globalization on maintenance and sustenance of adult education. The purpose of the study is as follows:

i.          To ascertain the  significance  of Globalization in adult education education curriculum.

ii.        To examine the extent at which global technology  affects teaching and learning outcome in adult education programme.

iii.      To determine  whether utilization of global technologies during instruction  yield to sustainable adult education.

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

HO1: The extent at which global technology  affects teaching and learning outcome in adult education programme is low.

HO2: Utilization of global technologies during instruction does not yield to sustainable adult education.

1.5SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will be an eye opener to the educational administrators, manager, educators, planners, teachers, students and parents of the positive effects of globalization in the area of maintaining and sustaining the adult education. Teachers will easily deduce the means and methods of instructional methods, and materials meant for the teaching and learning for adult classes. The curriculum planners will come to understand the basic machineries, money, men and materials that must be put in place in the educational settings of adult education. The society and the adult learners will be informed and learn with ease because globalization has made learning interesting and fascinating. Finally the study will serve as a reference material to student and scholars who wishes to conduct further studies in related field.

1.6 SCOPE  OF THE STUDY

The research study will look at the  the impact of globalization on maintenance and sustenance of adult education.. The study will however be delimited to  selected adult education learning centre in  Owerri municipal in Imo State.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Like in every human endeavour, the researchers encountered slight constraints while carrying out the study. The significant constraint was the scanty literature on the subject owing that it is a new discourse thus the researcher incurred more financial expenses and much time was required in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature, or information and in the process of data collection, which is why the researcher resorted to a limited choice of sample size covering only selected Adult Education learning centre in  Owerri municipal in Imo State.Thus findings of this study cannot be used for generalization for Adult Education learning centre in other States within Nigeria. Additionally, the researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work will impede maximum devotion to the research. Howbeit, despite the constraint  encountered during the  research,  all factors were downplayed in other to give the best and make the research successful.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

GLOBALIZATION: it refers to the act or process of globalizing: the state of being globalized; especially the development of an increasingly integrated global economy.

TECHNOLOGY:  it is a systematic way of doing things or solving problem for the good of mankind.

COMMUNICATION: it is the transfer of messages between two parties and it being understood by both parties, i.e. the sender and the receiver

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