The banking system is a very strong element of the entire edifice of the nation. A bank is simply an institution that provides the minimum banking services and which is licensed by the federal government as a banking institution. Such minimum banking services includes; (a) Acceptance of deposit from the general public (b) Making payments to the depositors on demand to the extent of the money available in their accounts (c) Granting loans and advances to credit-worthy customers ... read more

Lending has become a significant role in banking because of its direct effect on economic growth and development. This is being followed in most nations, particularly the developing ones, where banks and lending activities have been usefully incorporated into government policy making in the national economic development process (Badar & Yasmin, (2013). Thus, the lending activity of banks as it influences economic growth and development has continued to gain prominence in the light of the moder... read more

Credit is one of the many factors that can be used by a firm to influence demand for its products. According to Horne & Wachowicz (1998), firms can only benefit from credit if the profitability generated from increased sales exceeds the added costs of receivables. Myers & Brealey (2003) define credit as a process whereby possession of goods or services is allowed without spot payment upon a contractual agreement for later payment. Timely identification of potential credit default is important... read more

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in 2019 implemented its 2014 intended policy on cash-based transactions which stipulates a cash handling charge on daily cash withdrawals that exceed N500, 000 for Individuals and N3, 000,000 for corporate bodies. The new policy on cash-based transactions (withdrawals) in banks, aims at reducing (NOT ELIMINATING) the amount of physical cash (coins and notes) circulating in the economy, and encouraging more electronic-based transactions (payments for goods, servi... read more

Most countries at all levels of development, small and medium scale enterprises (Small medium enterprises) have an important role to play in achieving the sustainable development goals, by promoting inclusive and sustainable economic growth, providing employment and decent work for all, promoting sustainable industrialization, fostering innovation, creating values and reducing income inequalities (OECD, 2017). For developing nations, sustainable economic growth is real poverty reduction. Thus, t... read more

For decades, rapid changes have taken place in all facets of human life, including the work scene. This is a result of technological progress. Any office in today's business world, whether governmental or private, needs facts and accurate information to make decisions quickly. The clerk, including the employee, expects some support from the organization in which he is employed. This support can be technological (machinery and equipment) and human. In previous offices, managers dictated memos and... read more

CBN exclusively regulates the activities of financial corporations and promotes the development of specialized or development-related financial institutions. The SEC is the central supervisory authority on the capital market. The Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) is an institution of self-regulation or user regulation. Issuers, registrars and investment dealers, who also interact with the money market, are making the capital chain more complex. The Federal Ministry of Finance and the CBN form the mo... read more

Banks play an important role in financial system and the economy of a country. Banks among other financial institution are organizations which through its activities (Such as accepting or accepting and handling of deposit of its customer, making available loans to individuals and organizations based on request among others) contributes to a nation’s economic growth in particular and national development at large. Ajayi (2014) refers to banks as “the linchpin of the economy of any country,... read more

Fraud as “the action or an instance of deceiving somebody in order to make money or obtain goods illegally. Fraud is a deliberate distortion and misrepresentation of fact in preparations of financial information, for the purpose of personal benefit or gain. The International Auditing Guideline (IAG) defines fraud as a particular types of irregularity, this refers to irregularities involving the use of decent to obtain illegal or unjust advantage and may involve the following: manipulatio... read more

Resources are scare both locally and internationally but this is greatly in contrast with the tendency for them to be wasted and underutilized by the human factor involved in the production of goods and services. It is observed that with more and more firms springing up every day in almost all the industry only the fittest of their firms will survive the growing competition in the market. Every firm is therefore expected to produce at the minimum cost possible so as to remain in business and als... read more

Outsourcing is a management strategy by which an organisation delegates major or non-core business functions to specialised and efficient service providers. (Rajee & Hammed, 2013). During the last decades, Nigeria business enterprises came under pressure to restructure and improve their sustainability as organisations face increasingly complex, dynamic, and threatening business environment as globalisation. This quest for efficiency and improved productivity led to a more strategic approach t... read more

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Adequately managing credit risk in financial institutions is critical for the survival and growth of the financial institutions. In the case of banks, the issue of credit risk is of even greater concern because of the higher level of perceived risks resulting from some of the characteristics of clients and business conditions that they find themselves in. According to Dwayne (2004) banks originates for the main purpose of... read more

A stock exchange is a form of exchange which provides services for stock brokers and traders to trade in stock, bonds and other financial instruments and capital events including the payment of income and dividends by Joseph Penso a writer of stock trading. Securities traded on a stock exchange includes shares issued by companies unit trusts, derivatives, pooled investment. Usually, there is a central location at least fork record keeping, but trade is increasingly less linked to such a physical... read more

Globally, majority of nations populace reside in rural locale. As stated in United Nations (2022) report, the world population is currently estimated to be over 7.3 billion of which about 56 percent resides in rural areas struck with poverty and low standard of living. At the beginning of this millennium, poverty was estimated to affect 1.5billion people in the world. (UNDP, 2008). intriguingly, Africa’s share of this global poverty is monumental as over 600million Africans which are about 50%... read more

The Nigerian banking sector, which plays the intermediation role between the surplus and deficit sectors of the economy, propels the development and growth of the economy. Soludo (2004), proposes the reform of the banking sector with the sole objective of moving the economy forward and to re-position the banking system to a sound and reliable catalyst of development and to compete favorably with its counterpart globally. Prior to the 2005 banking reforms in Nigeria, congestion and long queues... read more

Invention of mobile technology and its devices have brought about efficiency in the manner in which commercial and business activities are performed (Tiwari and Buse, 2007; UNCTAD, 2007). One such technology is mobile telephony. Mobile telephony serves as a platform for launching innovative mobile phone applications and services (UNCTAD, 2007). The utilization of mobile technologies for commercial activities initiates the concept of mobile commerce (m-commerce). There has been a record increase ... read more

It is universally acknowledged that the banking industry plays a catalytic role in the process of economic growth and development. This acknowledgement is reinforced by contemporary conceptualism to the effect that banks are a veritable vehicle for mobilizing resources from surplus units and tempting same to deficit unit. Banks constitute perhaps the most important segment of the financial market through mobilizing savings, but also allocating them for investment purposes. In Niger... read more

The purpose of business as asserted by Peter Drucker is to create customers and provide them with two basic functions of marketing and innovation. In today’s intense competitive business environment, these words ring more bells. A well-designed marketing strategy can make all the difference between success and failure in the marketplace. While marketing is commonly associated with consumers and good companies such as Nokia Company, it would be myopic to restrict the relevance of marketing to s... read more

Mobile phones have become a tool for everyday use. They have created an opportunity for evolution of banking services to reach the previously unbanked population. Use of mobile banking has made basic financial services highly accessible to low-income people because it caters for challenges of time and distance to the nearest retail bank branches (CGAP, 2006). Mobile banking (m-banking) is an internet-based service, which enables customers to access bank accounts through mobile devices and con... read more

Organizational performance is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon in Business management (Afal, Mahmood, Sajid & Hassan, 2013). According to Hassan (2016), organizational performance is the ability of an organization to utilize its resources efficiently and to generate outputs that are consistent with its goal and objectives, relevant for its clients and stakeholders. Hammed and Waheed (2011) stated that the organizational performance of a business is integral to the profitability and ulti... read more