The organizational structure of Enugu state transport company limited is conglomerations of line, staff and product structure but the fact were not adequately represented in the company's organizational chart. The company's organizational structure finally reflect all functional department necessary for the effective and efficient performance and achievement of organizational objectives but the structure is not supported both coherent organizational manuals and this gives rise to inconsistencies... read more

Credit management and issues of bad debts in commercial banks in Nigeria has been a topic of constant debate among economists and policy makers. The need and criteria for lending have been extensively discussed in the literature review. The Webster Dictionary of Banking (1987) defined bank credit as the process or ability to borrow money with a collateral with the promise of paying on an agreed date. The prudential guidelines (1990) succinctly convey a more comprehensive definition of credi... read more

The importance of motivation in any organization cannot be overlooked, especially in the banking sector. In the past years, it is understood that human resources i.e. labour and entrepreneurial ability are the most important of all factors of production. In Nigeria today, workers (employees) are believed to be motivated to work through the use of money as incentive. However, one of the basic assumptions in managerial practice is that workers can be motivated towards productivity by satisfying... read more

Many approaches have been used in the past to explain how organizations operate the classical organic and quantitative schools focus on aspects of organization, which manager could influence directly. The approach has been criticized for being too restrictive and inadequate since these schools failed to account for the varying environmental factors that dictate the fortunes of organization. For instance, in the past organization focused mainly on profit maximization, however, recent challeng... read more

Corporate planning is the process of selected objectives, purpose or goals and deciding generally and specifically what should be done to attain these objectives. It is done at corporate level which covers the entire organization with due attention to various departments, sections, division and branches that up the organization. Corporate planning is also called strategic planning as a tool to aid management in strategic decision-making. The purpose of strategic planning thus to accomplish a suf... read more

Nigeria’s political and business terrain between 1983 and 1989 was one of biting economics hardship, great uncertainties and instability. Banks and other financial institutions were doing well especially through exploitation of fore allocation formula up to 1990 to survive or grow through huge profits which critics termed “paper profit” as time went by when the ruler changed in 1990, following CBN prudential guideline and the federal governments banks and other financial institutional d... read more

In any organization there are four major factors of production which include man (human resource), machine, raw material and money. Human resources play the vital role of coordinating all other factors of production in order to bring about an increase in output. Human resource is the process of grouping people into various activities in an organization and systematically coordinating the task of harnessing machines, material and money resources needed to bring about desired output. It is diff... read more

Corporate social responsibility isdescribed essentially as a concept, whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis (Osuagwu, 2002). Corporate social responsibility is also a process by which companies manage their relationships with a variety of stakeholders who can have a real influence on their operation, the business case becomes apparent. Thus it should be treated as an inve... read more

Ethics has been one of the principal issues confronting both large and small businesses for many years. While businesses are responsible for maximizing long-term value for the shareholders, they are also expected to enforce and adhere to certain ethical standards among others. Recently, the Lagos State Government interest in this area is intensified due to widespread media accounts of outbreaks of ethical failing and environmental pollution at Ladipo market in Mushin Local Government ... read more

The compensation of employees at all level has become one of the major functions of human resource management. It is one of the most important, complex and problematic issues in managing human resources in any organization. Every business enterprise that wants to gain competitive advantage over its competitors must attract the services of high quality employees. According to M.C Faraland (2001) ‘Man is a rational animal covered with maximizing his economic gains’. He continuously put forth e... read more

The subject of corporate governance has spurred research interests with respect to principal- agent relationship expropriation in recent times especially with the existence of publicly quoted companies. This is in corroboration with Claessens & Fan (2002) who opined that corporate governance has received much attention in recent years. Corporate governance reform has emerged as a critical business issue, thrust on the world stage by a number of high profile corporate failures (Strandberg, 20... read more

Electronic commerce also known as e-commerce has facilitated the emergence of new marketing strategies and business models in several industries in developing countries, Nigeria inclusive. Significant changes are happening in product retailing with the introduction of online shopping, especially in terms of channel development and coordination, business scope redefinition, the development of fulfillment centre model and core processes, new ways of customer value creation, online partnerships and... read more

Conflict is an inevitable element of any labour - management relationship. In work situation people are bound to have different interests and aspirations which may tend to conflict with each other. Also in every organization where people to different background have to interact in the collective efforts towards achieving a common goal, conflict is bound to ensure. This is because in addition to the common workplace his own personal ambition which he earnestly desires to achieve alongside the org... read more

This study focus on how stress affects the performance of small business entrepreneurs in Nigeria. Before now, entrepreneurs have been recognized as an essential ingredient of economic development. The manner it has been explained in the Western societies has varied from time to time to suit the changing values of socio-economic reality. To Schumpeter (1961), an entrepreneur is a dynamic agent of change, or the catalyst who transformed increasingly physical natural and human resources into co... read more

Over the years there have been many definitions of entrepreneurship and they have all been acceptable definitions but i define it as the capacity and willingness to develop, organize and manage a business venture along with any of its risks in order to make a profit. The most obvious example of entrepreneurship is the starting of new businesses. In economics, entrepreneurship combined with land, labor, natural resources and capital can produce profit. Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized ... read more

In the present day economies of the world, small and medium scale enterprises have come to be recognized as veritable engines of growth, employment, poverty reduction and innovative development. Government of various nations and indeed, world economic development and financial institutions such as the Brethonwood Institution, International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the United Nations have all in recognition of the potentials of SMEs, embarked on deliberate developmental policies aimed a... read more

The globalization paradigm is basically a development construct for the integration of world markets. The West has presented globalization as a market driven strategy for development. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) particularly described globalization as a principle meant to "rapidly develop and create a dense network of interconnections and interdependencies that characterize modern social life" (Oke, 2003). In essence, glo... read more

Many countries in the world today have at one time or the other been caught up in what some authors term "export dilemma". Almost instinctively, they therefore recognize the aviate need to develop their export base. One of the periodic publication of the GATT (General Arrangement Tariffs and Trade) National of export promotion techniques often reviews the activities and strategies of various nations to revitalize exports. It is not a surprise that almost all the advanced industrial nations of th... read more

Skills management is the practice of understanding developing anddeploying people and their skills Cascio (1992). A well implemented skillsmanagement should identify the skills that job roles require, the skills ofindividual employees and, any gap between the two contents. The skillsinvolved can be described by the organization concerned or institution.They are usually defined in terms of a skills framework, a competencyframework or skills matrix. This consists of a list of skills and a gradings... read more

As recent as a decade ago, many companies viewed business ethics only in terms of administrative compliance with legal standards and adherence to internal rules and regulations. Today the situation is different. Attention to business ethics and social initiative are on increase across the world and many companies realize that in order to succeed, they must earn the respect and confidence of their customers and other stakeholders. Like never before, corporations are being asked, encouraged and pr... read more