Every government and most especially those in the developing economies are concerned about the economic growth of their nation. As a result, they put in much effort to achieve higher rate of economic growth and raise the standard of living of its citizens. The critical issue has been how to attract investors and generate the needed resources domestically using tax instruments that are least harmful to both the government and the investors. This will obviously involve reforming the tax system to... read more

The present biggest challenge is developing an economy of a country’s sustainable growth and development to serve as a benchmark for economies the world over. In order to live up to this challenge, most governments’ direct their efforts towards obtaining and maintaining this sustainable growth and development to ensure a better standard of living for their people. Ghana, as well as any other, has always strived to improve her status in the global economy. This can be proved by the... read more

CHALLENGES OF BUDGET IMPLEMENTATION IN NIGERIA

Flexible budgets on the other hand estimates costs at several level of activity. The purpose of flexible budget as described by Anyigbo (1999) is to present  the  quantification and monetary values of cost and  benefits that are  attributable to varying levels or volume of  business activities. It is also entails the direction of the  overhead costs so as to  establish the variable and fixed  components  and the   determination of the extent to which these cost will  vary... read more

It’s necessary to review the need for marketing research in an industry. However, it does not have to be that way, but because many companies and even industries have failed to take marketing research important in product development. Marketing managers and other professionals are now relying more on marketing research in product development to make better decision clearly, marketing research is vital to marketing decision making. Robert Ferber asserted that “before the product is produced,... read more

Promotion is a key element in marketing. Successful promotion is the third essential ingredient or element in marketing strategy. Prospective buyers must learn about both the products distinctive want satisfying characteristics and its availability. Establishing and maintaining communications links with target market segments are main tasks assigned to promotion. Promotion is a component of the 4ps that make up the marketing mix by far the most effective. Pride and Ferrell (2008) defined promot... read more

According to allbusiness.com (2010), the abbreviation of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) occurs commonly in the European Union and in International Organizations such as the World Bank, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization. Also the term Small and Medium Scale Businesses (SMEs) is predominantly used in the United States of America. The European Union states traditionally have their own definition of what constitutes SMEs. For instance, the traditional definition in Germa... read more

Adebayo (a004) defined taxation is the legal demand made by the Federal Government or State government for its citizens to pay money on income goods and services. In a less complex society in which the government has few duties and responsibilities, the financial need of the government are minimal. However, as society becomes complex the need of the people becomes greater and the government assures greater responsibility the financial needs of the government becomes great. Consequently, taxes in... read more

Audit has been defined in various ways but with little variations. According to Benin (2001) in his dictionary of management, Vol. 2 defined audit as a critical examination and analysis of an activity by an independent person performed to check the efficiency of the activity and often to check security. This definition is however narrow. The international encyclopedia of social sciences defined auditing as concerned with the independent verification of the statement of financial position and th... read more

The concept of motivation has been defined in different ways by different scholars. Motivation is derived from a Latin word known as ‘Movere’. Movere means to move. Motivation is based on the principle of hedonism. Hedonism is that human tendency to seek pleasure and avoid pain. Berelson and Staines (2003) defined the concept of motivation as an inner state that encourages, activities or mores, direct and channels behaviour towards goals. It is also referred to as a general term applyin... read more

Management of risk is one of the essence of the business of banking. The extent to which risk management is being managed or controlled could either be said to be an art or science. Indeed a judicious mixture of both could form the subject of an interesting if inconclusive debate (Richard, 2008). These would however surely be little argument as to whether or not risk taking and risk management in banking require the deployment of special skills and judgment for it is in this field that banking ... read more

Effective communication as a strategy for enhancing organizational performance. The word communication is derived from the Latin word communis meaning “Common” the communicator seeks to establish “commonness” with a receiver. Hence we define communication as the transmission of information and understanding through the use of common symbols, the common symbols may be verbal or non verbal. Gibson, Ivancevich, and Donnelly (2004). According to Hoy and Miskel (2001): they see communicatio... read more

According to section 2 of I.C.P.C Act (2000), corruption simply connotes impropriety and encompasses all forms of reprehensible, indecorous and infamous conduct in the performance of some official and non – officials responsibilities. This means any act, which go out of any normal societal behaviour. According to Nye, J.S. (1967), Corruption is a behavior, which deviates from the formal duties of a public role, because of private (gains) – regarding (personal, close family, private clique, ... read more

The budget serves as a vehicle through which the actions of the different parts of an organization can be brought together and reconciled into a common plan. All organization whether economic, social or political make plans for the future. Organization and companies have limited resources and these scarce resources impose limits on the number, extent and range of end-result in the organization . Set out to achieve “common organizational goals include maximization of profit or achieving sati... read more

Capital structure of a business organisation has its risk and reward implications for equity investors. Reward Implication: Debt in the capital structure carries with it tax shield interest on debt are deducted from company’s earnings before being taxed and this reduces the tax liability of the company concerned. According to Sihler (1971:13) adding debt to capital structure in vast majority of instances, increases earnings per share more than does raising the same amount of money from comm... read more

The effectiveness in realization of an organization’s set goals and objectives is within the framework in which it was set up. Human and material resources in every organization should not be over-emphasized, and therefore, must be harnessed and oriented for the achievement of the set goals and objectives. It is true that material resources form an integral part of the desired goal but human resource is more important in the sense that they help in achieving organizational goals and... read more

Manpower development has been one of the fundamental issues that have consistently attracted the interest and concern of succeeding government in Nigeria since independence. The Federal Government of Nigeria (1981) realised that if independence was to have meaningful impact on the general well being of its citizen, it must be complemented promptly and definitely by a rapid transformation of the economy to achieve self-reliance. The initial effort of achieving rapid national development were conc... read more

THE IMPACT OF RISK MANAGEMENT ON ORGANIZATIONAL EFFICIENCY

THE ROLE OF EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP IN ACHIEVING ORGANIZATIONAL OBJECTIVES

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AS A TOOL FOR ATTAINING HIGH PRODUCTIVITY IN AN ORGANIZATION