CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Education is a process of developing an individual to help him improve himself and
his/her society. The Federal Republic of Nigeria as stated in the National policy on
education[Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN), 2004], Education is defined as the process that
helps to develop the whole being, physically, mentally, morally, politically, socially,
economically and technologically. Education will enable the individual function in any
environment in which they may find themselves. Education is the process through which a
child or an adult acquires knowledge, experience, skills and sound attitude. It makes an
individual civilized, refined, cultured and educated (Nwagwu, 2003). The value and
importance of educating the child can never be over emphasized.
A child is a young human being between birth and puberty. According to Opera (2012),
a child is a person known as a minor from birth to the legal age of maturity, for whose parents
and caregivers, foster parents, public or private homes, institutional or agency is responsible.
The child is somebody under a legally specified age who is considered not to be legally
responsible for his or her actions. In this study a child is defined as a person from the age of
zero to five years under the care of caregivers, helpers and securities in Early Childhood Care
Education (ECCE) Centres.
For a child to survive and develop, someone has to nurture and care for him. The child
depends on his parents and others (caregiver) who ensure that the child survives and develops
through good care. Evans, Myers and IIford (2000) opined that the care results into creating an
enabling environment which can support the child’s optimal development. Care include
providing in the child’s life appropriate modelling, stimulation, protection and time which are
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all components of respect for the child’s right. The authors’ further state that a child with
consistent caring attention is generally better nourished, less likely to be sick and learn better
than a child who does not receive such. This is why early childhood stage is a critical period.
Early childhood period is a sensitive stage. It is a period of 0-8 years of age (UNICEF,
2004). It is the time the child needs appropriate care for growth, development and survival. It is
the foundation of the world’s future and must be given highest priority (Maduewesi, 2005).
The period of early childhood requires special care practice for the child for good physical and
psychological development. Proper early childhood care practices are very essential to every
society that aspires to raise healthy children. This encompasses such aspects as feeding,
bathing, clothing, shelter, toilet training, medical care, supervision, among others. It involves
engaging the child in social interaction, providing stimulating and safe environments for play
and exploration (UNICEF, 1996).
The term Early Childhood Education has been used severally for children of different
age bracket who are yet to attain the school-going age.[ pre-schoolers], early childhood
education is also known as pre-primary, pre-school, or nursery school, among others.
Maduewesi (2005) sees early childhood education as encompassing the overall social, physical
and intellectual development and education of children below the age of six years. According
to the Federal Republic of Nigeria as stated in the National Policy on Education (NPE),(FRN,
2004) early childhood education is the education given in an educational institution to children
prior to their entering into primary school. It includes the crèche, the nursery and the
kindergarten. Here, it implies that younger children are to be taught in informal settings as in
the crèche starting from zero to two years, the nursery, two to three years, and kindergarten,
three to five years.
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