Scientists and engineers traditionally kept paper logbooks of their experiments and inventions. The need for the logbook is cannot be over emphasized. Scientists need to keep a record of their doings in order to remember and report what has been done. The logbook also gives a means of retracing past experiments and verifying their accountability. Searching logbooks can also determine who the first was to make a new discovery or invention. In most parts of the world, the first to invent rule is u... read more

The growth and stabilization of the Nigerian economy has not been stable over the years as a result, the country’s economy has witnesses so many shocks and disturbances both internally and externally over the decades. Internally, the unstable investment and consumption patterns as well as the improper implementation of public policies, changes in future expectations and the accelerator are some of the factors responsible for it. Similarly, the external factors identified are wars, revolutions,... read more

Information and communication technology (ICT) offers the promise of fundamentally changing the lives of much of the world’s population. In its various forms, ICT affects many of the processes of government and business, how individuals live, work and interact, and the quality of the natural and built environment. The development of internationally comparable ICT statistics is essential for governments to be able to adequately design, implement, monitor and evaluate ICT policies (Madueme, 2010... read more

Over the years, Multinational corporations (MNCs) have been a source of controversy ever since the East India Company developed the British taste for tea and a Chinese taste for opium (Stopford, 1998). A typical multinational corporation (MNC) normally functions with a headquarters that is based in one country, while other facilities are based in locations in other countries. In some circles, a multinational corporation is referred to as a multinational enterprise (MNE) or a transnational corpor... read more

Oil is a major source of energy in Nigeria and the world in general. Oil being the mainstay of the Nigerian economy plays a vital role in shaping the economic and political destiny of the country. Although Nigeria’s oil industry was founded at the beginning of the century, it was not until the end of the Nigeria civil war (1967 - 1970) that the oil industry began to play a prominent role in the economic life of the country (Fashola, 1999). Oil abundance, and specifically oil dependence has ... read more

The Nigerian petroleum industry has been confronted by two sapping challenges over the years. The challenges relates to the prevalence of militancy and oil pipeline vandalism in the Niger Delta. While the former has significantly attenuated in the aftermath of the Amnesty deal in 2009 (Okoli, 2013), the latter appears to have escalated both in incidence and impact. According to Ogbeni: A total of 16,083 pipeline breaks were recorded within the last 10 years adding that while 398 pipeline b... read more

Domestic debt reduction in Nigeria has taken centre stage for conversing realistic pricing of petroleum products in Nigeria as the domestic debt profile has been rising astronomically and if not controlled could create some unfavorable consequences as crowding out private sector investment, poor GDP growth etc,(Okonjo-Iweala,2011). On the other hand, government has to continue to finance projects to grow the economy and one viable option of doing so is by issuing debt instruments. For example, t... read more

Responsible governments all over the world, be it at the Federal, State or Local government level, are concerned with the provision of social goods and services for their citizens. They are responsible for the maintenance of laws and orders within their nations and also for the protection of their territorial integrity against any external aggression. In carrying out these social responsibilities, a huge amount of money is needed. One of the major sources of fund available to government to... read more

Retirement can be seen as the period of time in an employee’s, employment life when he or she has satisfactorily served the organization, that employed year of the contract. This is a period in an employee life when he or she separates from his or her job because of their age. This is also a period when the employee has spent a specified period of time with the employer which qualified the employee to be retired. Usually, employees serve for thirty five years and yet reti... read more

The word “Scarcity” means when there is insufficiency of something. Since there is insufficiency of fuel it is termed as fuel scarcity. In the past Nigerians solely depended on the exportation of agricultural product for their source of income. This continued until the discovery of the presences of the presence of oil in our country, especially in part Harcourt. This made them (Nigerians) to divert form Agriculture to the exportation of oil to other countries, which was actually fetching ... read more

Nigeria has a long history of religious conflicts, some of the most virulent being those of the ‘Maitatsine’ (1980s) and ‘Boko Haram’ (July 2009). The latter matched the former in intensity, organization, and spread. Given the international attention to global terrorism, there is the likelihood that fundamentalist group receive motivation, material, and ideological support or influence from a global jihadist movement. Unresolved national issues, including the weak economy, weak security ... read more

The use of economic policy as tool for economic stabilization by governments of different economies of the world cannot be overemphasized. Some of these policy measures may have economic-wide effect (e.g. the budget and inflation) while others may have specific effects such as the consumption tax on consumer good (Killick, 1981 and Black, Calitz, Steenekamp, Ajam, 2000). Policymakers around the world employ various policies, singly or mix, to stabilize the boom-bust cyclical swings of economic a... read more

Globally unemployment is causing government bodies sleepless management. Several government bodies have set-up institution that can find solution to the unemployment menaced. A time these bodies come-up with several community that government should control population of educational system and compulsory service for graduting youth etc as means of checking unemployment rate. In Africa, particularly in Nigeria, unemployment menace have caused the government to come up with several emp... read more

There have been rapid increase of youths movements from rural area to urban centres, no one is in doubt today of the fact the rate at which people (especially, the youths) move from rural area to urban centres is affecting the lives of the rural dwellers. Nigeria is a developing country; in fact, she is at the threshold of being a developed nation. On this note it is wise to be acquainted with the meaning of the world “migration”. Migration according to Udo (1980) defined migr... read more

A well organized society, say a country or a state government owes some fundamental obligations to the people it governs. These obligations are in the forms of provisions of basic social amenities such good roads, health, security of lives and properties, shelter, good water etc. The citizens on there own part owe the government by making equitable contribution in the form of levy on tax. It is against these background that government levy taxes on its citizenry to pursue the ab... read more

It is wise to assert that no country in the would can sustain itself or survive without exchanging goods and services with other countries of the would. It is also wise to say that the economic growth and development of a country largely depends on how its imports exchange for its exports. In view of the above assertions. I have deemed it very necessary to embark on a research work or project on the impact of foreign trade on the Nigeria economy”. This is an attempt and effect to draw the ... read more

A brief look at Nigeria today one can find out that we like fashion and everything new in Nigeria, the spirit that greeted the issue of globalization at its climax in 2000 seemed to have reduced. The word globalization also seems to have gone the internet, computerization and cyber café. Globalization as an economic concept has been viewed at differently by different academic scholars, to represent so many things. However, globalization has been defined by John Vogi (Vanguard 2003) to mean a... read more

In the past the years, Nigeria has witnessed a tremendous growth in the telecommunication industries by this growth NITEL not only become one of the heading public company in the country but also placed the country on top of the telecommunication area in Africa. Thanks to NITEL that today, Nigeria can boast of about 600,000 telephone lines, which have equally been improved with the introduction of digital system. Apart from making life comfortable for its works, NITEL has contribu... read more

Chapter One 1.1 Background of Study 1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.3 Objectives of the Study 1.4 Hypothesis Statement 1.5 Significance of the Study 1.6 Scope of Study 1.7 Limitation of Study 1.8 Definition of Key Terms Chapter Two Literature Review

The removal of fuel subsidies in Nigeria has been a subject of considerable controversy and debate, with far-reaching implications for the nation's economy, society, and political stability. Fuel subsidy refers to a governmental policy that involves providin