Common stock as it is called by the America investor is what is normally referred to as ordinary share or Equity. Ordinary share supply the basic risk capital of the company represented by shares (denominated) with a nominal value for instance in Nigeria of generally between 50k and N1. The nominal value can be different from the market value and the market value of a common stock /share indicates the current worth of the share at any particular time. This market value in practical life is c... read more

Following the fluctuation of the naira in 1986, a policy induced by the structural adjustment programme (SAP), the subject of exchange rate fluctuation has become a topical issue in Nigeria. This is because it is the goal of every economy to have a stable rate of exchange with its trading partners. In Nigeria, this goal was not reached in spite of the fact that the country embarked on devaluation to promote export and stabilize the rate of exchange. The failure to realize this goal subjected the... read more

This study sets out to examine managing monetary policy in an environment chocked up with huge fiscal deficits and public debt, high inflation rate etc, (which gives rise to fiscal dominance), in Nigerian setting during the period 1980 to 2004. To accomplish this, statistical hypotheses were stated empirically. In chapter two, of the study, the review of various monetary policies in Nigeria was highlighted. Also there were emphasis on the fiscal policy and arguments on which of the two polici... read more

Monetary policy deals with the discretionary control of money supply by the monetary authorities in order to achieve the desired economic goals. It cold be seen that money policy comprises of those government actions which are designed in attempt to change the influence the behaviour of the monetary sector of an economy. However, there are two views on the efficiency or monetary policy, monetarist and Keynesian view. The Keynesian view is that monetary policy should be direct towards interest ra... read more

The introduction of electronic banking, online transactions and mobile banking in Nigeria has paved way for a new era of development where the use and demand for physical cash is gradually declining. These recent evolution of technology in the Nigerian financial institutions posses interesting questions for economist, financial institutions, business analyst and the government regarding the current economical status, logistics, and availability of instruments to guarantee economic growth and sta... read more

Inflation is an inevitable property of any economy in the world. It influences every country, negatively as well as positively, whether it is developed or developing country as well. Anyanwu  (2011) stated that inflation is an important factor leading to social and economic instability and disorder. It is one of the most largely observed and tested economic variables both theoretically and empirically. Its causes, impacts on other economic variables, and cost to the overall economy are well kn... read more

Financial transactions involving the use and movement of physical cash are gradually declining with the introduction of the CBN’s Cashless policy. This development has been of great concern to economist, the government of Nigeria and financial institutions. This aim of this study is to evaluate financial and economic transactions under the new CBN’s cashless policy and how the development has enhanced the financial sector of the economy of Nigeria. Concerning methodology, both prim... read more

Electricity is pivotal to the economic development of nations. Its use is directly correlated with healthy economic growth (Kaseke & Hosking, 2013). Nigeria is one of the most populated countries in Africa but only about 40% of the people are connected to the energy grid. The people who actually have power experience difficulties around 60% of the time (Aliyu, Ramli & Saleh, 2013). Aliyu, Ramli and Saleh, (2013) claim that these blackouts that is occasioned by poor power generation has cripp... read more

Nigeria is largest oil exporting country in Africa and has a rapidly growing economy. The country follows a resource based growth strategy driven by the production and exporting of oil. With the volatility of global oil prices and often volatile growth of Nigeria’s economy, the country has wasted much of its opportunities to break away from underdevelopment despite its massive natural and human resources endowments. It has dwelled only on its huge crude oil resources as the major source of rev... read more

Education and health are basic objectives of development; they are important ends in themselves. Health is central to well-being, and education is essential for a satisfying and rewarding life; both are fundamental to the broader notion of expanded human capabilities that lie at the heart of the meaning of development (Todaro and Smith, 2011). No country has achieved sustained economic development without substantial investment in human capital. The role and importance of human capital in pro... read more

The growth and development of the Nigerian economy has not been stable over the years as a result, the country’s economy has witnessed so many shocks and disturbances both internally and externally over the decades. Internally, the unstable investment and consumption patterns as well as the improper implementation of public policies, changes in future expectations and the accelerator are some of the factors responsible for it (Siyan and Adebayo, 2009). Similarly, the external factors identifie... read more

An import is a commodity brought into a territory, especially across a national border, from an external source. Importation and exportation are the defining financial transactions of international trade. An import in the receiving country is an export from the sending country. In international trade, the exportation and importation of goods are limited by import quotas and mandates from custom authority. The importing and exporting countries may impose a tariff (tax) on the goods. In ... read more

One of the major functions of the government especially developing countries such as Nigeria is the provision of infrastructural services such as electricity, schools, hospitals, pipe-borne water, good roads and as well as ensure a rise in per-capital income, poverty alleviation to mention a few. For these services to be adequately provided, government should have enough revenue to finance them. The task of financing these enormous responsibilities is one of the major problems faci... read more

The ultimate goal of any credible and legitimate government is to ensure sustained improvement in the standard of living of the citizenry. Toward this end, the government usually evolves development plans that will facilitate effective mobilization, optimal allocation and efficient management of national resources. In such efforts, priority is usually given to the provision of development facilitators, such as transportation and communications as well as social overhead, such a... read more

The Nigerian capital market is a long term end of the Nigeria financial system just as the money market is its short-termed in other words, the capital market performs for the economy, at the long-term end, the functions which the money market performs at the short-term end of the spectrum. Thus, while those who are short of funds and need to borrow for short-term propose borrow from the money market, those who are short of fund and are desirous of borrowing for the long-term go to the capital m... read more

Unemployment is generally agreed to be symptom of macro- economic illness which couldinVolu“bentary”“volunta.Whe is said voluntary I mean a condition where somebody chooses not to work because they have a means of support other than employment example is the idle rich man. On the other hand involuntary unemployment exists when persons are willing to work at the prevailing rate of pay but unable to find work. (Anyanwu 1995). Balogun, ed et el (2003) also defined... read more

THE IMPACT OF COMMERCIAL BANK CREDIT ON AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT IN NIGERIA

Balance of payments of a country is a systematic record of all its economic transactions with the outside world in a give year. It is a statistical record of the character and dimensions of the country’s economic relationships with the rest of the world (Johnson H 1958:113). Determinants of balance of payment have been and are still a topic of interest to many people and nations. Because of its usefulness, many writers have contributed towards its meaning, causes and solutions. Some pe... read more

Reforms are predicted upon the need for reorientation and repositioning of an existing status inorder to attain an effective and efficient state. There could be fundamental bottle-neck that may inhibit the functioning of the institutions for growth and the achievement of core objectives in the drive towards inhancing and sustaining the economic and social imperatives of human endeavour carried out through either government institution or private enterprises. Consequently, the banking sector, ... read more

The purpose of this study is to analyze how public infrastructure and capacity utilization could aid manufacturing growth in a developing economy like Nigeria. The concern is understandable where productivity growth is major determinant of the future of standard of living. Economist have written extensively on the decline of productivity growth and how it affects output growth and has gone to great length to try identify the reason for the show down. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ... read more