Various classifications have been made on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). For instance, FDI has been described as investment made so as to acquire a lasting management interest (for example, 10 percent of voting stock) and at least 10 percent of equity shares in an enterprise operating in another country other than that of the investor’s country (Mwillima, 2003). Policy makers believe that FDI produces positive effects on host economies. Some of these benefits are in the form of externalities... read more

The concept of human capital is a relatively recent idea in the realm of economic theory. While economists have long paid close attention to the concept of investments in physical capital in recent years they have placed emphasis on the concept of human capital investments. Largely, this shift occurred as a result of the failure of classical economist’s theory to explain the dominance of developed countries over undeveloped ones in the international market. Human capital covers a broad range o... read more

For development and growth of any society, the provision of basic infrastructure is quite necessary. This perhaps explains why the government shows great concern for a medium through which funds can be made available to achieve their set goals for the society (Fagbemi and Noah, 2010). Government needsmoney to be able to execute its social obligations to the public and these social obligations include but not limited to the provision of infrastructure and social services.Exportation is required b... read more

Africa as noted by Chaplan (1966:376), “is an important strategic arena in contemporary world politics”. Osuntokun (1999:19) argues further “being the most populous black country in the world, Nigeria is being compelled to shoulder willingly and unwillingly the leadership of the black world. This led to Nigeria’s feeling that she had a responsibility far beyond her borders as noted by Joe Nanven Garba…” In all our dealings with international organisations we are guided not by self... read more

Financial Risk management is a relevant development that arises with deregulation of Nigerian economy through the introduction of Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in 1986. The research was born out of an inquisitive mind and the desire to gain knowledge about the practice of financial risk management in Nigeria especially in the area of foreign exchange. It should be recalled that Nigerian economy moved away from fixed exchange regime in September 1986. The country returned back to fixed exch... read more

In many markets, firms compete over time by expending resources with the purpose of reducing their costs. Sometimes, the cost reducing investments operate directly on costs. In many instances, they take the form of developing new products that deliver what customers need more cheaply. Therefore, product development can have the same ultimate effect as direct cost reduction. In fact if one thinks of the product as the services rendered to customers, then product development often is just cost red... read more

The Workplace is an environment for upgrading, improving and reforming the traits related to emotional intelligence competencies such as perception and control of emotions. Emotional intelligence is an important forecaster of key organizational outcomes including job satisfaction, organizational commitment among civil servants. A person who is able to understand and is aware of one's own feelings, and controls stress, negative emotions, and feeling of frustration, can certainly have better r... read more

It is the duty of the government of any country to provide its citizens with those basic amenities that will make life enjoyable to them. This is because individual cannot single handedly provides amenities themselves. The provision of these basic amenities can only be possible through payment of taxes by the citizen. There have been a heart provoking outary by various state government in Nigeria over their poor financial base. This situation is becoming even more compounded by the obvious d... read more

Business organizations all over the world, whether profit making or non-profit making is made up of either the human element or the material component. These vital parts separate work interdependently for the attainment of the organizational goals. Therefore, for organization to achieve its goals and objectives, the workforce must be duly motivated. According to Ibe (2012), “The beauty of the struggle of labourer is in the eating of salaries or wages.” He further noted that the privilege ... read more

The issue of external debt in Nigeria has become an immense status bestriding the main stream of international economy, and politics. Foreign aids are no longer used as instrument of assistance but as a weapon of oppression, suppression and perpetual under development. The need to examine and hence, utilize the machinery of foreign debt is anchored on a number of challenges and this includes: (i) Underdevelopment of the Nigeria Economy (ii) The unreliability of Domestic debt facil... read more

Banks seem to fall desperately behind the learning culture because training and development of their human element seem to be perceived as ancillary activities, rather than as pragmatic catalysts to business results. They fail to see the payback of investments in their human assets. They tend to see human expenses as something which needs to be minimized. Lack of continuous learning opportunities is because the focus of banks appears to be devolved to bottom-line, short term payback. Leaders hav... read more

There are lots of problems facing small scale enterprises world over. Although some of these problems are peculiar to many countries, the challenges faced by small scale enterprises in different countries and geopolitical divisions are basically the same. A study carried out by the Federal Office of Statistics shows that in Nigeria, small scale enterprises make up 80% of the economy (Ariyo, 2005). In spite of this importance, the mortality rate is very high as stated in Small and Medium Enterpri... read more

This study aims to evaluate the oil sector and the agricultural sector in Nigeria from 1981 to 2011. The role of agriculture in the Nigerian society has been very important, even in the pre-colonial era. The attractiveness of the Nigerian agricultural sector to the colonialist formed largely on the basis for the development of the railway system north of the coast through the east and west of the country since it was the need to evacuate agricultural products from the hinterland to the coast for... read more

The financial organization is considerably one of the largest industries in Nigeria providing employment for an estimated twenty two thousand people nationwide and generating 9% of the annual GDP of the country. Nigeria is considered to be one of the fastest growing telecommunication nations in Africa, investing heavily in ICT and related information technology Chiemeke et al (2006). One of its major investors has been the banks, however, with their major investments, the use ICT has arguably ha... read more

One of the major issues which have occupied the mind of government for years is the impact of monetary policy as a tool for price stability in Nigeria. Despite the lack consensus amongst the economy, there is remarkable strong agreement that monetary policy as an economystabilizing measure in Nigeria refers to the persistence rise in the general price level. Monetary policy is one of the macroeconomic policies available for managing the economy. It is however important today because its effec... read more

In all most all economics today government intervention in undertaking fundamental roles of allocation, stabilization, distribution and regulation, especially where or when market proves inefficient or its outcome is socially unacceptable. Government also intervenes, particularly in developing economics to achieve macroeconomics objective such as economic growth and development, full employment, price stability and poverty reduction.(AESS PUBLICATION 2011). Public finance is to provide informat... read more

The central bank of Nigeria, which is the apex of the financial system in the country, started its operation in July 1st 1959. The enabling act charged it with the responsibilities for issuing legal tender currency, maintenance of external reserves in order to safe guard the international value of the currency and sound financial structure. Like other central banks in foreign countries, the central bank of Nigeria has objectives of promot... read more

It is crystal clear that any nation that wants a viable economy must have a viable financial sector and previous studies overtime confirmed that be significant and strong link show between the financial sector of a nation and performance overall country economy. Banks play important role in any economy because they are the cynosure of the financial sector. The importance of banks in any economy cannot be over emphasized, because sound financial system is recognized as a necessary and sufficient ... read more

The insufficiency of fund for capital investment is a known common factor in every economy especially in developing countries of the world. In developing countries like Nigeria, the low level of capital investment manifests in high unemployment rate, low productivity and a corresponding low standard of living affects a greater majority of the population. Providing solution to this problem has been a major investment preoccupation of financial institutions in Nigeria. Beyond the traditional te... read more

A major engine of economic growth and development of any nation is its capital market. Until quite recently, the Nigerian capital market was the toast of many enlightened Nigerians both home and abroad. This research study investigated the impact of financial meltdown on the capital market with particular reference to the Nigerian stock exchange (NSE). In carrying out the study, survey research design was adopted and observations were drawn each from the periods before the crash and after the me... read more