Cross River State public enterprises are generally corporate entities other than ministerial departments they derive their existence from special statutory instruments and engage in special business type of activities to provide goods and services for the overall social economic upliftment of the citizen these include corporation, authorities, boards and enterprise so owned and operated (Jerome 1999). The non-performance of the public enterprise has prompted series of discussion and po... read more

Nigeria economy far back before the advent of oil exploration in the early 70’s was an agrarian economy. Nigeria was not considered a rich country at the time, but the nation was able to fed itself adequately and the economy was very buoyant. At this time, 85% of the country’s export earning was from agricultural product. During this period also, Nigeria has been making concerted effort toward the economic development of the sovereign nation. Most enterprises propelling the activities of th... read more

An Employer is obliged to deduct and remit contributions to a Custodian within 7 days from the day the employee is paid his salary while the Custodian shall notify the PFA within 24 hours of the receipt of such contribution. There are already complaints by PFAs of non-remittance of pension deductions on the part of some employers. Contribution and retirement benefits are tax-exempt. Again, Ahmed (2001) in the Summary of Proceedings of the National Workshop on Pension Reform reports that the s... read more

In the course of this investigation, research objective and hypothesis were formulated. Both primary and secondary data were collected, and data were then presented in a tabular form. Based on the above, the findings on the topic is as follows: Staff/employee of the sampled cooperative are averagely qualified for their various jobs and they are given opportunities for further training by the cooperative societies. Employee of the sampled cooperative are averagely paid with some neces... read more

The capital market as a subsection of financial market, deals in long term and short term, as well as operating stock. It may not involve the issue of negotiation instrument but, cash flow from operators and direct negotiation or re-capitalization. These are done through organization such as: i. Development Bank, NIDB, NBC ii. THE Nigerian Stock Exchange iii. The Issues Houses iv. The Unit Trust which are largely the government owned and therefore... read more

Since ancient times man has designed ways of surviving in his environment gathering food and hunting for games. As years go by, he modifies his survival techniques from being a wonderer and shifting cultivating to a sedentary/intensive farming, arts and crafts. His pragmatic disposition has resulted in innovative and better ways of harnessing the opportunities and potentials of environment for welfare maximization and economic development. The industrial revolution of the late 1780s in Europe an... read more

The oil palm belong to the palmae family and sub-family oooideae which also include coconut the genus was founded by Jacquin in 1963 on oil palm introduction originated in tropical West Africa which was given the name Elaeis guineasesis. It is a monocotyledonous plant that sometimes grows to a height of about 15 meter. It has an unbranohed habit and produces a single truck which bears a crown of forns. The crown may consist of between 25 and 40 large plant fronds being a monoecious plant. The ma... read more

The Nigerian capital market is a long term end of the Nigeria financial system just as the money market is its short-termed in other words, the capital market performs for the economy, at the long-term end, the functions which the money market performs at the short-term end of the spectrum. Thus, while those who are short of funds and need to borrow for short-term propose borrow from the money market, those who are short of fund and are desirous of borrowing for the long-term go to the capital m... read more

In any economy, the impact of trade fair can not be over emphasized as it play a vital role in the over all economic, social and industrial development of a nation economy. Trade fair is a periodic gathering of manufactures and producers of goods and service exhibiting their latest products for promotional and sale purposes, but it has been hijacked by Nigeria wholesale and retailers and turned into a show of already exhibiting goods for their selfish aim of selling at an exorbitant price and ma... read more

Small-scale industries have been in existence since time immemorial. They are earliest form of business that the early men use to get their needs, basically food, cloths and shelter. They exchanged what they had for what they wanted. It was latter on that large-scale business started to emerge and they are now found in a large number, in every country of the world. However, small-scale industries still form a dormant part of business enterprises particularly in developing nations, which inclu... read more

Economic growth and development universally play host to three core fundamentals of short and long-run economic targets for the achievement of a stable and sustainable growth, employment, and a bare minimum inflation rate with a favourable trade point. The realizations of the above economic targets and profitability have propelled, nations over time to adopt monetary and fiscal policies to regulate the shift in the aggregated demand curve. Empirical research bare and recognized an economic world... read more

Insurance industry belongs to the financial sector. In the course of managing people’s fund the insurance companies invest in highly marketable securities, these by aiding economics growth. In this case we may say that insurance on it’s own can be defined or said to be the social activity which deals with people coming together to contribute in a common fund from which they compensate the few unfortunate ones who may suffer misfortune in form of financial losses. All human on earth is... read more

Banking in Nigeria has gone through very dramatic changes within this decade the industry has grown beyond optimistic expectations. Over the period, the number of banks expanded, the variety of banks increased, banking operation were substantially deregulated, competition increased and banks were forced to be more innovative and service oriented. Nigerian Agricultural, co-operative and Rural development bank (NACRDB) COME IN AS A Financial Institution which provides medium and long term credi... read more

Monetary policy plays a very crucial role in any economy, being the channel through which financial resources flow from one segment of the economy to the other. It, therefore, represents the major foundation of the modern market economy. Essentially, there are three pivotal roles for the monetary policy namely; the Monetary Policy role, the financial stability role and the overall economic role. Monetary policy in the current Nigeria context, encompasses actions of the central bank that affect t... read more

In every country, there exist a financial system that is responsible for the regulating the financial environment of the country, determine the types and amount of funds to be issued, cost of funds and the uses of these funds. The financial system plays fundamental role in the growth and development of an economy, particularly by serving as fulcrum for financial intermediation between the surplus and deficit units in the economy. It consists of financial intermediates, financial markets, finan... read more

A financial institution can be defined as any institution which portfolios of assets consist largely of claims rather than inventory, plant and equipment. Financial institution serves as intermediaries in the financial markets. However, since emphasis will be placed in banking sector as a financial institution. It will be proper at this point to make known what the banking sector entails and its role in the development of Nigerian economy. The banking industry is of tremendous relevance to... read more

Oil, a very versatile and flexible, non-reproductive, depleting, natural (hydrocarbon) is a fundamental input into modern economic activity, providing about 50% of the total energy demand in the world. (Anyanwu J.C. et al, 1997) Petroleum or crude oil is an oily, bituminous liquid consisting of a mixture of many substances, mainly the element of carbon and hydrogen known as hydrocarbons. It also contains very small amounts of non-hydrocarbon elements, chief amongst which are sulphur... read more

An auditor of the evidence may describe an audit as an examination from which final revenue accounts and balance sheet of an organization have been prepared. In order to ascertain that they present a true and fair view of the summarized transaction for the period under review and of the financial state of the organization at the end date this enable the auditor to report their on. Therefore an auditor which is part of internal control assists all level of management of the Union bank of Niger... read more

Nigeria, the most populous black nation situated in western Africa is popularly known for her dominant source of revenue; Crude oil. Thus, Nigeria became increasingly dependent on oil revenue, which in the last few decades has experienced fall in its price per barrel and production. With oil revenue as the main stay of the Nigerian economy, variation in oil prices are definitely of prime interest to economists in order to predict the effects of a drastic change- decrease in oil price, on the Nig... read more

Shipping has for a long time been recognized as one of the strong catalysts for socio-economic development. Back in 1776, Adams Smith noted that ’’A business working in a country town without links to the outside world can never achieve high levels of efficiency because its small market will limit the degree of specialization”. Because distances, it has since the ancient times been at the fore front of opening up of the world and thus a major driver in of the process of globalization. Ship... read more