Auditing is derived from a Latin word “Audire” which means “To Hear”. In the olden days, owners of business used to hear the report of how their business progresses from the manager of the business. But due to the fact that the primitive ways of keeping financial records which include making signs on board, keeping figures off hand without documentation and lack of mechanical aids for calculation had a lot of problems associated with it. Also, the manager may deliberately decide to hi... read more

The avoidance of rapid increase in price which in turn leads to inflation is one of the macroeconomic objectives of any economy. Inflation as the name implies can be described as a sustained rise in prices (Johnson), a continuing increase in the general price level (Brooman),a persistent and appreciable rise in the general level of prices (Shapiro) and a continuing rise in prices as measured by an index such as the consumer price index (CPI) (Dernbery and Mc Dongall). Robert J. Gordon desc... read more

Historically, major petroleum marketing companies were the main sources of petroleum product’s supply. The companies transported and distributed the products relying on their distribution and retail outlets. This was an era of deregulation in which Nigerian paid market-determined prices for products. However, this arrangement was not sustainable given that it was dependent on the profit and market imperatives of the oil marketers. The country’s economic activities expanded in the seventies ... read more

In economics, depreciation is the decrease in the economic value of the capital stock of afirm, nation or other entity, either through physical depreciation, obsolescence or changes in the demand for the services of the capital. Depreciation refers to two very different but related concepts which are decline assets to periods in which the assets are used. Soludo said the drop in the value of the local currency was a government -supported devaluation in the face of falling oil prices. Oil reve... read more

CHAPTER ONE · INTRODUCTION · BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY · STATEMENT OF THE STUDY · RESEARCH QUESTIONT · OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY · SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY · STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS · JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY · SCOPE OF THE STUDY · DEFINITION OF TERMS

The research is geared towards findings out the roles played by commercial banks in enhancing the economic development of Nigerian through agriculture and commerce. I will like to find out on how the commercial banks help in the development of Nigeria economy. 1. To know conditions involved in getting credit facilities to enhance economic development. 2. To know how the commercial banks contributed to the growth of entrepreneurship development in Niger... read more

There are quite a number of interpretations on the term growth. Be it as it may, the problem of economic growth was initially seen largely as an economic problem to be tackled largely by economists. The massive poverty that exist in underdeveloped world was interpreted as low per capita income. Growth in the late 1960s and early 1970s brought into focus a situation of worsening poverty conditions for the poor in many underdeveloped countries despite a fairly good record of growth in... read more

Prior to 1993, only very little was known of Value Added Tax (VAT) in Nigeria. The idea of VAT started with the acceptance of the recommendation of Dr Sylvester Ugoh led study group on Indirect Taxation in November 1991. The decision to accept the recommendation was made public in the 1992 Budget speech. (Okpe, 2001). In addition, according to Obianwuna (2005), the Federal Government set up two study groups in 1991, one was set up by the Federal Ministry of Finance and Economic Development to st... read more

Loan administration is one of the external mean of financing many sector of the economy especially the agricultural sector. This is due to the fact that the agricultural sector is the major source of the food production and supply in the country. This loan is been administered through the financial institution established by the federal government of Nigeria. It (loan administration) is been introduced so as to help rural farmers and small-scale business financially in their various businesses. ... read more

One of the most commonly discussed issues in economics is on how taxes as means of fiscal policy at stabilizing the general economy relate to economic growth of developing countries such as Nigeria. A lot of studies have tend to yield an audience of the relationship between taxation and economic. Some of the studies have rather yielded results that have established negative effects of taxes on economic growth. Taxes as means of fiscal policy raises the cost or lower the return to the taxed activ... read more

There is an adage which says that a wounded lion has no weapon expect itself. It fights with its entire strength until it defects its foe. This adage may be likened to the case of some state government now with their likely revenue generation difficulties. It is an established fact to everybody that the time of economic boom popularly nicknamed “oil boom” is completely gone thereby there is need for increase drive for revenue generation. Most states have intensified their efforts for collec... read more

It is an undisputable fact that Nigeria of the pre-independence era was predominately small scale in its productions and marketing activities. Industrial revolution brought about a shift from the orthodox trade by barter to a more sophisticated marketing system where consumers satisfaction becomes the ultimate goal of the most businesses. Thus small scale business becomes the next option since they stood a better chance of offering a more personal relationship with customers as well as socio ec... read more

The effect of information and communication technology (ICT) on the operation of stock markets has been a subject of debate in recent times. A school of thought led by authors like Shiller (1989),Summers (1988), Porteba and Summers (1988) would argue that stock markets have become excessively volatile since the adoption of computer assisted trading strategies as the latter increase short-term price volatility and risks. They also argue that very few investors have access to online trading system... read more

The globalization paradigm is basically a development construct for the integration of world markets. The West has presented globalization as a market driven strategy for development. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) particularly described globalization as a principle meant to "rapidly develop and create a dense network of interconnections and interdependencies that characterize modern social life" (Oke, 2003). In essence, glo... read more

Over the years there have been many definitions of entrepreneurship and they have all been acceptable definitions but i define it as the capacity and willingness to develop, organize and manage a business venture along with any of its risks in order to make a profit. The most obvious example of entrepreneurship is the starting of new businesses. In economics, entrepreneurship combined with land, labor, natural resources and capital can produce profit. Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized ... read more

Efficient management of the flow of funds within a firm shows that the firm has a goal or an objective because judgment as to whether or not financial decision is efficient must be made in the light of some standard. The objectives of firms are multi­dimensional; this may range from social, to economics and to finance. The social objective holds the view that the firm should socially responsible. This is because the firm is not operating in a vacuum but within environment, internal and exter... read more

Management of risk is one of the essence of the business of banking. The extent to which risk management is being managed or controlled could either be said to be an art or science. Indeed a judicious mixture of both could form the subject of an interesting if inconclusive debate (Richard, 2008). These would however surely be little argument as to whether or not risk taking and risk management in banking require the deployment of special skills and judgment for it is in this field that banking ... read more

Adebayo (a004) defined taxation is the legal demand made by the Federal Government or State government for its citizens to pay money on income goods and services. In a less complex society in which the government has few duties and responsibilities, the financial need of the government are minimal. However, as society becomes complex the need of the people becomes greater and the government assures greater responsibility the financial needs of the government becomes great. Consequently, taxes in... read more

CHALLENGES OF BUDGET IMPLEMENTATION IN NIGERIA

The present biggest challenge is developing an economy of a country’s sustainable growth and development to serve as a benchmark for economies the world over. In order to live up to this challenge, most governments’ direct their efforts towards obtaining and maintaining this sustainable growth and development to ensure a better standard of living for their people. Ghana, as well as any other, has always strived to improve her status in the global economy. This can be proved by the... read more