Human being, either young, old, literate and illiterate are all product of their various environment i.e. the environment (internal or External) affects them either positively or negatively, even their work and inputs into anything, due to the rational and unpredictable nature of man, that makes them react to stimulants. Before considering, the reaction towards auditing, auditing can be traced back to the ancient times where the receipts and payments of an estate or a manor were read to the l... read more

In the ancient days, human activities were relatively easy. The difficulties posted by nature then, were considerably simply and demanded solutions of man and his way to solve them necessitated the inventors of machines. Since the invention of the first machines, the world has experienced a tremendous degree of advancement in technology and ones for the machine invented for solving complicated problems in the computer. With increasing frequency, it is recognized that an understanding of the comp... read more

Higher educational institution especially in Nigeria are known for insufficient allocation of resources from government/stakeholder that set them up and other resources centres. In most instances, management of these institution fall challenges of having to apply in adequate resources to meeting the multi-dimensional objectives in producing good output. This has always been a serious process. This therefore necessitate the need to draw policies that will help in the management of this facilit... read more

In Nigeria, successive governments, since independence have set up autonomous organizations with legal independence and powers, having the initiative of private enterprises to carry on developmental activities of commercial or industrial nature. Thus, the emergence of Ahmadu Bello University teaching Hospitals with headquarters in Samaru Zaria is charged with the responsibility of accounting properly all financial activities undertaken by its management. The need to institute both internal an... read more

Internal Audit Units are established in organizations in order to assist members of the Organization in the effective discharge of their responsibilities, monitor the use of resources and make recommendations for the improvement of the organizational operations. The day-to-day operation of an organization is delegated to the management by the Board of Directors. The head of the management often referred to as the Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer serve as a link between the Board ... read more

In the ancient days, human activities were relatively easy. The difficulties posed by nature then, were considerably simple and demanded solution of relative simplicity. The compounded problems of man and his way to solve them necessitated the inventors of machine i.e. computer. Since the invention of the first machine, the world has experienced a tremendous degree of advancement in technology and one for the machine invented for solving complicated problems in the computer. With increasin... read more

The impact of auditing in controlling fraud and other financial irregularities can not be over emphasized. This is due to the fact that auditing is one of the most important technique in financial management. Auditing stated in the United Kingdom in the 17th century as a way of providing information to wealth owners. Over the years, auditing has developed and is universally accepted as a means of checking on the operation of organization in ensuring that their activities and policies are in c... read more

Corruption and looting of public treasury was a major problem in the public sector accounting. Report from office of statistics Lagos show that our accounting records are balanced in arrears and our financial records are hardly balanced daily, weekly, quarterly, half-yearly and yearly basis as appropriate. This was evidenced by Chief Olusegun Obasanjo during his first maiden address to the nation immediately he was sworn-in as the President of the federal republic of Nigeria on the 29th day of M... read more

Source documents have a powerful function in the accounts. They almost also have a strong line relationship with the preparation of Financial Statements in any organization. Guinness Nig. Plc. was used as a case study in this project. This study highlights the vital importance of source documents in the accounting process. And how they form bedrock upon which all accounting evidence and practice are based. Even the vital role they play in the auditing of the books of account of any organization.... read more

In view of the recent global recession of 2009-10, when investments made by banks and financial institutions proved unsafe and almost triggered a financial meltdown that required strong input and investment by most democratic governments, the need for internationally regulated and well-audited financial institutions are greater than ever. Therefore financial institutions have started to concentrate on rigorous internal audit processes undertaken by an internal audit team that conducts regular co... read more

Very large organization and some small ones have found a need for internal audit in addition to an external audit. Internal auditors are employee of the organization and work exclusively for the organization. Their functions partly overlap those of the external auditors and in parts are quite different. The precise function of external auditors are either laid down by statute or embodied in a letter of engagement. The functions are determined by management and vary greatly from orga... read more

Every business organization whether in the public or private sector is established to achieve certain objectives. This could be profit maximization as in the case of the private sector or efficient and timely provision of essential services at a reduced price, as in the case of the public sector. The performance of such business organization has to be reported in monetary terms to the owners of the business. (For example, shareholders in the case of private organization or the government as ... read more

Inventory management is a significant component of any business since inventories are normally accountable for the majority of the costs incurred in business operations. Several researches conducted to ascertain how companies meet customer demand by tracking and maintaining the inventory required using and inventory management system. Thus, the desire to find out inventory management and control on manufacturing ignited this study. This work examined the inventory and control management with a p... read more

Budgeting and budgetary control will continue to play a significant role in public organizations in Nigeria, considering the need to compete favorably with other organizations (both public and private) and make sure the organization is a going concern, most government agencies have adopted budgets and budgetary control techniques to effectively and efficiently allocate resources and achieve stated goals. Every Business oriented organization is aimed among other at making profits as high as po... read more

Omuya (1990) defined “accounting as a language of business, it is used in the business world to describe the transaction entered into by all kinds of organization. An analysis of the above definition shows that accounting centres on transforming data into information that would be useful to many users. It takes care of the financial communication of the entry as it supplies the financial information in a way and, form so desired by the users. In a similar case Millichamp (1992) defined accoun... read more

The study examines the effect of forensic accounting as a tool for fraud detection and prevention in an organization. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between fraud detection, prevention and forensic accounting. To achieve this objective, data was collected from primary sources. The primary data were collected with the help of a well-structured questionnaire of two sections administered to staff and management of Enugu South Local Government Area. The collected data were an... read more

This study examined the practical impact of accounting standard on the development of small scale business in Akwa Ibom State, with particular focus on P-MAT table Water Company as the study area. The researcher used the objectives of the study to identify the problems created by non-existence of accounting records and inadequate accounting information, due to the fact that most small scale business do not obey accounting standard. To show the impact of accounting standards on small scale busine... read more

It is pertinent at this introductory part to note the term auditing I its primitive and rudimentary form can well be traced back to the ancient firms but the term auditing is seen today in its formed state and was established in the later part of 19th century. Originally an auditor was one whom the receipt and payments of an establishment were read. The definition of auditing came as independent examination and investigation of the evidence from which a financial statement has been prepared w... read more

According to Ogunjimi in Ejiofor (2008:2) the running of any business is based principally on financial functions and hence what usually first come to mind in every business activity is the monetary aspect involved. No wonder an accounting department plays a vital role in effective running of an organization. Peter and Sylvia (2008:7) explains that financial statements are literally a “road map” telling us where a financial firms has been in the past, where it is now and perhaps where it is... read more

Information is a life-wire of every business organization. However, it is of various diversities, but accounting information was selected for this study on the grounds that some business organizations do not base their decision on the available accounting information, and therefore lack a controlling power on their incomes and expenditures. It was on this ground that the topic of this study “The Importance of Accounting Information in Management Decision Making Process” was derived and Akwa ... read more