The practice of auditing in the primitive form can be traced back to ancient times where the receipts and payments of an estate or a manor were read to the head or proprietor, or the Lord of a manor. The word auditing originated fr4om the Latin word Audire (meaning to hear). The business of this period was characterized by sole proprietorship. But with industrial revolution, there was an increase in business transactions and there emerge partnership and joint stock companies. The evolution of me... read more

Agricultural is one of the most important sectors of our country’s economy. Enugu state is no exception. Enugu state, characterized by low farm incomes, primitive farming techniques which lower the level of production, and low level of capacity to satisfy the food and fiber need of the nation. Infant agricultural is in a part-type pf peascont agricultural which has been mentioned by many writers as caught in a vicious circle of property low income resulting to poor savings and little investmen... read more

The main objective of this research work is to find out by investigation and analysis how the service of Accountants assist in the effective financial management in private and public organization. For some time now, cases of frauds, embezzlement and inadequacy of accounting system has led many establishments to liquidation and as such became necessary that a research be undertaken to find out a permanent solution to the problem. In chapter one, efforts were made to defined and evaluate the syst... read more

The importance of capital as a necessity though not sufficient condition for economic growth is recognized in development economy where it is believed that the position of adequate financial resources is a pre-requisite for industrial transformation. Experiences in some countries notably Japan, India and Germany have shown that banks if sufficiently in their respective countries could serve as an engine of growth to greatly assist the promotion of rapid economic transformation of an... read more

At, the onset of the oil boom in the 1970’s, many were convinced that the era of scarcity has given way to abundant resources. A major problem was how to plan for the societies to be confronted with the vast increases in material wealth and leisure. The national priorities shifted rapidly as Nigerians embrace the increased material wealth with poor planning and abundant waste. The cost of running the government enlarged bureaucracy and social programme increased tremendously as money realized ... read more

Historically, the commonest enemy o the people of rural communities in all races or cultures is the tax collectors. In the bible, they were regarded as sinners just for the sake of their freely chosen and legitimately recognized occupation. In the biblical context, it was even offensive to meant containing oneself. Imagine the degree of hatred! The history of other cultures despite the same picture of hatred for both. The tax (tribute) collectives and their employees. The history of Empire... read more

Credit financing could be seen as back backbones of the economy. This is because one can hardly see any business transaction without the mechanism of credit. As financial intermediaries, banks have the function of procession, these facilities in form of loans and advances, to the deficit units of the economy to ensure equitable distribution of resources development of the real manufacturing agricultural etc loans and advances are geared to acids industrialization and development especially in... read more

Internal control can be defined as the whole system of internal control, financial and otherwise established by management in order to carry on the business of the enterprise in an orderly and efficient manner, ensure adherence to management policies, safeguarded the assets and secure as far as possible the completeness and the accuracy of records. Dr. Aveh (2010). The individual components of an internal control system are known as controls or internal controls. Internal control includes all po... read more

the impact of audit committee on financial management of an organization

the business of financial ratios as a tool of evaluating the performance of a companies for investment decision

In other to understand the significance of financial reporting, one is required to be well versed in the theory and practice of accounting and corporate governance. This review of literature is organized in stages or sections addressing the topic in one way or the other. The first stage is the concept of corporate governance, a synopsis of financial reporting, that places emphasis on the historical development of audit report, then the various audit standards, which members of the professional... read more

The web star dictionary defines fraud as “an intentional deception to cause a person to give up property or lawful right, which could also mean deceit, trickery or cheating. According to statement of internal audit standard No2 of the Institute of Internal Auditors, USA, fraud is defined as an array of irregularities or legal acts characterized by international deception. The world of financial statements fraud needs no introduction. The practice of manipulating the financial statements of ... read more

There has been no single accepted definition of the term “fraud”. Fraud in whatever form is limitless on classification, this is why courts and writers on fraud try to escape away from giving a decision definition, notwithstanding the varied meaning, attached to the concept of financial fraud the author addressed the subject with the following working definitions.

Financial management in the content of local administration is the discipline on the part of the leadership, management and staff of the local government to prepare a realistic annual budget, collect revenue efficiently and put into effective use of the resources of the council in providing socio – economic service to the people of the area at acceptable standard.

There has been quite a lot of criticisms in recent years about accountants and the financial report which they prepare. A lot of people have had to question the validity of the profit measuring procedures applied in arriving at the profit measuring procedures applied in arriving at the profit disclosed in the published accounts. Consequently, the profession has found it necessary to do a re-appraisal of the accepted procedures, which had found it necessary to do a re-appraisal of the accepte... read more

The sizes, capabilities, and complexities of modern companies even the smallest requires internal control in the activities of the organization. As an organization grows, the management needs more formal information system in order to maintain control. The control can no longer be carried out by the man on top. Since the organization is now complex, and subject to such influences without that one person can possibly hope to exert the detailed and sophisticated control needed. The management ther... read more

The management of the economy in the past has been characterized by corruption and financial mismanagement which made the country to have persistent balance of payment problems. This financial mismanagement was more pronounced during the civilian administration of 1979- 1983 and the dictatorial government of general Sani Abacha of 1993 to 1998. The performance of the economy in the past therefore suggest that our economic problem today are the bye product of unpatriotic, uncommitted, selfish... read more

Liquidity management is the basic input needed to keep the business running on a continuous basis. it is also the ultimate output expected to be realized by selling the service or product manufactured by the firm. The firm should keep sufficient cash neither more or less, shortage will disrupt the firms manufacturing operation, While excessive idle without contributing anything towards the firms profitability. Liquidity management involves initially, the provision of sufficient cash to meet t... read more

The problem associated with state- owned enterprises and monopolies are not peculiar to Nigeria it is true that many developing countries have overcome the problems through a well designed and simple minded pursuit of privatization. It is important to observe that the was a times when it was considered sound economic policy for government to establish and invest in statutory corporations and state owned companies socialism existed side be side with capitalism. It is also good to note that i... read more

Financial institution is that sector of the economy that providing the community with money balance and payment up of the banks and sector of the economy is made up of banks and non-banks financial institutions like financial house, mortgage house and other institutions that provide financial services and intermediation to the various segment of the economy. In modern society, economic prosperity and progress depend largely on level of savings in a Nation. It happens that someone’s ... read more