Man has from time immemorial been struggling indefatigably to find absolute solution to his problems. Among this problems are economic, social, political and cultural economic problem is the most significant. The major problem of all societies at all times was succinctly attempted it by fashioning crude tools out of the locally available wood and other materials to increase his productivity to satisfy his basic psychological needs in a large measure. Universally, econom... read more

The impact of standard costing on profitability and managerial effectiveness of a manufacturing industry. The standard costing as a tool for either improves or not improving profitability and managerial effectiveness. Unlike its contemporaries in the field of science, it deals with human beings and calculating significant information. Standard costing as a long established concept is the management function of planning and control. In effect, yardstick has been of vital importance for planni... read more

A look around us will reveal that that our economy consists of people whose material needs and wants are satisfied by numerous business organizaiton especially in the manufacturing sector we can comfortably count on the roster of business organizations both locally and internationally famous such as lever brothers Plc Nigeria bottling company (NBC) Plc Pfizer Plc UAC etc. American writers have pointed out that the world view of the UAS as a “land of industrial grants” a national of big op... read more

Small scale industries, although has no consensus definition, has been known to assume various dimension in different country. In L.L Ahukannah and his college text titled commerce for senior secondary school classified retail shop into: small – scale traders and large – scale trader which means that small scale trade is under retail trade. In addition. The parameter could equally be the size of human, sales, capital invested and other resources. Finance on other ha... read more

The concept of internal control system is becoming increasingly useful in the practice of modern audit that it will be worth while understanding the subject matter and the role it plays in the effective management of a business enterprise. The existence of internal control system in an organization is of great assistance to both the management and the auditions of such an organization. Not only does it aid the management in the process of decision making, it also provide a base upon... read more

Accounting is important not because it is a product of its environment, but rather because it shape its environment and plays a significant role in the conduct of economic, social, political legal and organizational decision and action. In the colonial days, most Nigeria was engaged in agriculture at subsistence level. Industrial activities were carried out by the very few number of British companies then available. There were therefore hardly any organized major econom... read more

“Business without auditing stifles public confidence and auditing without law is force” (Emile wolf) Auditing occupies a very critical position in the business life of any society both industrialized and non industrialized countries like Nigeria and other west African countries. This implies that auditing plays a critical and improtant role in the economic development of any nation. This is more importance as business, which is the mainstay/ bedrock of the economy is fast growing.... read more

Every society is made up of individuals, who agree to come under one unit and to be governed as an entity for the society to function effectively, some individual must manage its affairs as it affects the society over all good, be it financial goal, social goal or political goal. Against this background of managing the affairs of the society funds must be raised and used to achieve some of the goal of the society. The funds must rest in the hands of the people’s representatives, to be administ... read more

In the past, when audit or auditing is not well known, many account used the opportunity to look public companies because there was no one to examine and give evidence to what they have done, but this has changed since everybody has know known the importance of audit department. So this chapter examines the regulatory framework for enforcing accountability in the ministry of fiancé Enugu state and Infact in the entire civil service. In finance management, this is to ac... read more

The velalive insufficiency of fund for capital investment is a common factor in every economy especially in developing counties of the world. In developing counties like Nigeria; the low level of capital investment manifest in high unemployment rates; low productivity and corresponding low standard of living for greater majority of the population. Finding a solution to this problem of providing fund for capital investment has been a major pre-occupation of financial institutions in Nig... read more

As a result of increased commercial activities through out the world, many big business expand beyond their countries to have a share of the world market. Therefore, established branches are translated accordingly based on exchange rates existing and at the end set of financial statements are prepared and published. In preparing these financial statement normal accounting practices and procedures must be followed and a number of legal and other requirement observed. ... read more

In this present world, individual, business men, firms and government have seen the effects of computer in the area of recording and safe keeping of information,. However, this computer cannot function unless the day-to-day business activities are well documented and fed into it properly. Every business get up has different levels of management and each of these level of management and information to enable them make decision on how he objective of the organization can be achieved likewis... read more

The public accountant is an independent practitioner who works on a gee basis for business management or for individuals wishing to use his services or as member of an accounting firm. Most public accountants are also external authors. The commonly known services offered by the public accountant include the following: 1. Those that are substantially of auditing nature 2. Those who involve primarily accounting 3. Those pertaining to taxes. Most people perceive ... read more

internal control is the whole system of controls, financial and otherwise, established by the management, in order to carry on the business f the enterprise in an orderly and efficient manner ensure adherence to management policies, safeguard the assets and secure as far possible, the completeness and accuracy of its records. Consequent upon the above, this research is designed to carry out an empirical study on the internal control system of Apaco Foam and Chemical Industry Limited. Agbor De... read more

The study of this internal control system of an organization is like the study of an anatomy of man. In word of Peter Druker” Good organizational structure dose not buy itself produce good performance just like a good constitution dose not guarantee great presidents or good laws a moral society. But a poor organizational structure makes good performance impossible, no matter how good the individual managers”. Promised on this dictum, it is therefore obvious that the organizational structu... read more

In this dynamic world, the role of Banks, whether in a developed or developing economy consists of financial intermediation, provision of an efficient payment system and serving as conduit for the implementation of monetary policies, it has been postulated that if these functions are efficiently carried out, the economy would be able to mobilize meaningful level of savings and channel these funds in an efficient and effective manner to ensure that no viable project is frustrated due to lack o... read more

Audit has been defined in various ways but with little variations. According to Benin (2001) in his dictionary of management, Vol. 2 defined audit as a critical examination and analysis of an activity by an independent person performed to check the efficiency of the activity and often to check security. This definition is however narrow. The international encyclopedia of social sciences defined auditing as concerned with the independent verification of the statement of financial position and th... read more

The impact of financial reporting on the corporate performance of a business organization is becoming more apparent to user groups of financial statement. Accounting is a not an exact science neither are business operations without some subjective and judgmental errors when it comes to reporting them. A financial report therefore is statement which informs

This study will cover the effects of lending policies and recovery strategies on the financial performance of micro finance institutions. The scope of this study will be limited to financial institutions only in Abuja, therefore overlooking all other financial institutions in other states.

The study will also give vital information to those aspiring to be auditors as regard their appointment, remuneration, removal and independence in the various organization set ups and parastals they find themselves. The possible outcome of the study will reduce the chance of conspiracy, fraud and misappropriation of shareholders’ funds and also embezzlement can be minimized where there is a qualified independent auditor to cover document.