The most important decision all corporate managers should take into consideration is the way in which the long-term capital requirements of their companies should be financial. Capital structure is the permanent financing of a firm represented primarily by equity and long-term liability without including all short-term credits. Many factors have to surface in order to determine the capital structure of a business organisation. These factors are what the financial managers consider first in order... read more

Nigeria Commence and Industry are passing through a period of economic recession, they are struggling to maintain satisfactory earnings in a situation where cost are raising and some industrialist complained that price increase are becoming more and more difficult to obtain even at less proportionate degree with cost. Foreign and domestic competition as well government effort to prevent further inflation put serious resistance and additional increase. In addition to those are government (both... read more

Almost all the organization aimed towards the attainment of its desired, planned and overall objectives. In every operation of organization more especially small scale industry aimed towards efficiency and proper effectiveness for this to be achieved to a large extent depends on the quality of available accounting information and how the information will be utilized by the organization. However, information is the life wire of every business, defined by Don T. Coster et al (1978) so for any busi... read more

For the past ages, man as a rational and divine animal has been struggling with the procurement of reasonable standard of living and the ways of managing his expected maximum utility (profit). The eventful development of a well organized society gave birth to the order of the day, government had the right to interfere with the economic process to protect the interest of the nation. During the 18th century Adam smith and other great authors came out with the system of laessez fair. The system sui... read more

Accountability has today become a very popular concept in our political and administrative vocabulary. Accountability has been defined according to Woods, and Alan (1996) as the rendering of returns on stewardship relating to the management of funds and other assets of which individuals or institution have been custodian. In the public sector, accountability entails among other things the making of returns of revenue accruing to it. When there is proper accountability of these resources, the... read more

According to America Accounting Association, Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring, and communicating economic information to permit informed judgment and decisions by users of information. From this definition, it can be seen that the main objective of accounting is to provide economic information that will enable the users to make decisions. According to Patrick .A. Casabona (2006), Investors and creditors throughout the world base their decision on the information published in v... read more

This study explains the various accoutning ratios that can be used in interpreting financial statements of businesses to determine the financial position of the firm as well as aid investors to make informed decisions. Questionnaires were distributed to 25 manament and non-management staff of MTN Uyo Office. Both primary and secondary sources of data was used for the study.The data Collected via the primary data sources were analyzed using simple averages and percentages. After ratios analysis c... read more

The growing demand for forensic accounting is a known characteristic of most companies in the world. Forensic accounting arises from the effect and cause of fraud and technical error made by human. Forensic accounting is quite new in Nigeria as companies have realized that the service of a forensic accountant is needed as fraud cases have substantially increased in number. Forensic accounting is the application of financial skills and investigative mentality to unsettled issues, conducted within... read more

Internal control has played a major role in risk management especially in the banking industry in Nigeria. According to British Auditing Guideline, which defined internal control as the whole system of control financial and otherwise, established by the management in order to carry out the business of the enterprise in an orderly and efficient manner, ensure adherence to management policies, safeguard the assets and secure as far as possible the completeness and accuracy of records. Where as H... read more

Banking operation which can be traced back to the early colonial period has helped in economy growth and development of a country. In Nigeria, the existence of commercial banking started with the establishment of African Banking Corporation in 1892. The purpose of this was to distribute British currency in Lagos and other areas or district. In 1894, the British bank for West Africa was formed which took over the functions of the African Banking Corporation. In 1899, Bank of Nigeria later joine... read more

In the recent times some industries are facing problems raised by expansion through increased sales and the introduction of varieties of product. Many on the other hand are facing problems of contraction due to the introduction of substitute materials and products or reduces demand for products whichever is the case, but it is important that management should be in a better position to plan for these changing level of activities. Apart from the problem of contraction and expansion duri... read more

This is the introductory chapter of the chapter, it briefly explains the brief history, statement of the problem, objective, assumption, scope and limitation of the study, hypothesis and research questions about the subject matter are also discussed under this chapter including other relevant information. The need for a petrochemical industry in Nigeria was conceived for quite a long time. It was however not until 1978 that the idea of using some refinery by-products as feedstock to produce som... read more

Banking in Nigeria has gone through very dramatic changes, since the appointment of (professor charles soludo) as the new Governor of central bank of Nigeria on Tuesday 6th of July 2004 signaled the beginning of a revolution in the Nigerian Banking industry. Before the appointment of (Professor Charles Soludo) C.B.N pronouncement was that the operation of the banking system was nothing to write home about, indeed the banks were rated sound and satisfactory. While 25 were rated marginal and unsou... read more

Computer has been defined as electronic machine that accept data (input) processes it to produce useful result (output). It is also capable of storing information. It uses predefined instruction known as computer programs to execute the task in order to produce output. Computers technology has helped in no small measure in activating the problems encountered using the manual tools and machines. Computerization ranks prominently in the commanding heights of economic activities of the business wor... read more

In general, inventory control and cost control techniques have become a household name in the business of manufacturing firms, that boast of the possession of goods or stocks, that hope to sell when the demand arises. It is so important to them, such that their survival as a corporate entity, hinges on how they are able to coordinate and control their applications. Inventory is a term that has been explained in various ways by various scholars, inventories are stocks of the product a company is ... read more

This research work is designed to develop effective strategy for pension administration in the Nigeria public sector, using pension commission as a study. The research work reveals how some retirees are forced to continue to work throughout their life, not out of choice but for lack of means of sustenance at old age. The sources of data collection for this work are primary and secondary sources, the researcher in this process of data collection for the research regarded the questionnaire to serv... read more

Accountants have been bestowed with the role of providing information to the management regarding the affairs of the organization in particular and to the stakeholders in general. Internally, in manufacturing organization, management has always relied on the management accountant for cost evaluation and performance efficiencies of cost element. This role of management accountant to the management has been in doubt because of incessant increase in the cost elements of goods manufactured in Nigeri... read more

Capital can be classified into two broad categories based on tenure viz. long term and short term capital,The long term capital of firms is committed to investment in fixed assets. It includes shareholders’ funds and long term loans. On the other hand, short term capital is applied for investment in current assets such as cash, marketable securities and short- term credits. Current assets are usually acquired very often in varying quantities depending on the demand structure for the firm’s p... read more

Every business prepares profit and loss Account or income statement to ascertain the net result of financial working of the business whether it has earned some income or profit or sustained any loss. It also prepare balance sheet to find out the financial position of the business. Profit and loss account or income statement, retained earnings statement and balance sheet are known as financial statements. Gautam (2005) sees financial statement as financial information which is the information re... read more

Auditing has existed as long as man has been required to account for their transactions. A famous example is in St. Mathew’s Gospel (Chapter 25) when the rich man went on a journey and delivered his goods to a servant to look after them while he was away. On his return, he asked each of these servants to account for the goods with which he had been entrusted. In the ancient ages, great land owners would not manage their own land, but would appoint stewards to manage their own land for them.... read more