According to Swanson (2008), it is as important for corporations to know that their corporate structure and strategic decisions affect audit fees as it is for the auditor to adequately understand and evaluate the liability risk associated with that audit engagement. Auditors accept engagements to perform services and issue an opinion on the representations of the financial statements. There is, however, a great deal of risk associated with the process. An auditor is liable to the corporation, it... read more

Financial scandals and misappropriation around the world and the recent collapse of large corporate organization in the USA and Europe have brought to the fore, again, the need for the practice of sound corporate governance, which is the system by which the affairs of companies are directed and controlled with the aim of increasing shareholders value and meeting the expectation of other stakeholders. The case of Enron in the U.S and many cases in U.K such as Polly Peck, Maxwell Communication and... read more

It is know fact that banks help to accelerate the growth and development of a developed and developing economy. Consequently, finance becomes an important ingredient in the economic development of a nation and communities alike. Thus, the relevance of microfinance banks (formerly known as community bank) in promoting economic, programmes has become very basic and appreciated. In fact, the banks have the ability to mobilize funds in response to the dynamics of the societal requirements for growth... read more

Treasury function emerged as a result of the sophistication of banks. After the recapitalisation of banks capital to N25 billion in 31 December, 2005 due to increasing competition, Banks have initiated a lots of product to enhance their treasury function, knowing that treasury product which is an important aspect of banking activities especially as Banks operate at the short end of the financial market known as money market. Indeed treasury function is a critical tool for controlling liquidity. ... read more

Micro finance has evolved as an economic development approach intended to benefit low income women and men. The term refers to the provision of financial services to low – income earners, including the self – employed. Financial services generally include savings and credit; however, some microfinance organizations also provide insurance and payment service. In addition to financial intermediation, many MFIs provide social intermediation services such as group formation, development of self ... read more

The level of fraud in the day Nigeria has assumed an epidemic dimension. It has eaten deep in to very aspect of a having to the extent that a three-year-odd-child talks about 419. Fraud id defined as a deliberate act of deceiving somebody in all illegal way in order to make to obtain goods belonging to another party. For an action to constitute Fraud there must be a dishonest intention and the action, must be intended to benefit the preparation to the determine of another person. ... read more

With the deregulation of the economy and the emergence of several government regulations, the traditional role of Universal Bank as providing short term finance has undergone an economic metamorphosis resulting in the granting of license by Nigeria Stock Exchange to universal bank to participate to a greater extent or length in the capital market. And these enhance banks to go into various capital project financing through their corporate finance unit thereby erecting more profit or revenue g... read more

Today’s business environment is very dynamic and undergoes rapid changes as a result of technological innovation, increased awareness and demands from customers. The application of information and communication technological concepts, techniques, policies and implementation strategies of banking services has become a subject of fundamental importance and concerns to all banks and indeed a prerequisite for local and global competitiveness. Information and communication technology... read more

The growth of economy and development of banking have often appeared inseparable until l7 century, there had existed on modern banking institution anywhere, and there had on modern developed economy. Before 1892, Nigeria was evidently underdeveloped economically, even in 1975, however, despite the growth in the number of banks Nigeria is still developing it is true that the number of bank should not be the only or even the major aspect of banking development have been taken account, it would sti... read more

The federal government of Nigeria in the 1990 budget speech decided to establish micro-finance in order to stretch its programme of grass-roots economic development. The aim of this study is to make a research on the contribution of microfinance banks to the economic well being of rural dwellers in Nigeria. The micro-finance bank scheme which has started years ago received recognition as social economic venture designed to address poverty and aimed at motivating and encouraging the rural dwel... read more

The history of UBA can be traced to British and French Limited, which originated from BANOGE NATIONAL four Le Commerce etc industries (established in 1832). Early in 1949, Messer E.E Hunger Buler and C. H. Baker were seconded from Banyae National Pour le Commerce etc industries (established in 1932). Early in 1949, Messer E. E Hunger Buler and C. H. Baker were seconded from Banyae National pours i.e. commerce etc industries (BNCL) to Lagos, where they were assigned to make initial arrangem... read more

Many corporate bodies into problems because of mismanagement of working capital and inability to determine the effectiveness of working capital component on the organization performance. Working capital is the backbone of any organization be it finance / bank, manufacturing or trading. It is so because, if working capital of a company is not properly managed, it could lead to the total breakdown and closure of the organization. Hence, management of working capital is being critically analyzed... read more

This is a research project. The subject of study is “Internal Audit as a Management Tool”. The choice of the subject matter reflects the researcher desire to shed light on the efficiency and effectiveness of internal audit of corporate organization such as Banks, Manufacturing Company, Government parastatals, etc, through findings, contribute towards evolving an established policies and procedures, thereby ensuring a sound and reliable internal control system. Oladipupo (2005: 96), pointe... read more

Couple of years back, what is now known as International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) witnessed worldwide spread debate. However, today scholars and researchers are devoting significant time and interest on the subject matter, this can be traced to the demands of globalization. According to Erahan and Beken (2008), opined that the globalization of capital market requires a single global accounting reporting and disclosure of set of standards. Today, the need for a unified standards ... read more

Goal clarity can be defined as a clear objective. In essence it can be define as one’s ability to set and reach specific goals. The important part of this definition is the word specific. A very broad or general goal won’t help drive you to successes. If your objective is to increase profit, fine one has to increase the quality of service. A goal should be clear, concise and worth achieving in which a specific outcome is reach. Budget participation is an estimate of income and expedition ... read more

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are argued to be an instrument of economic growth and development. Thus, Fatai (2010), states that in Nigeria where the private sector is not well developed, SMEs are assumed to play prominent role in employment generation and facilitation of economic recovery and national development. He maintains that the growing recognition of the role of SMEs may have influence the decision of World Bank Group to commit roughly $2.4 billion on SME, as core element in its s... read more

Finance has been identified as one of the major factors for the development of small scale Industries in Nigeria. For the establishment of a small scale business in Nigeria, the first factor to be considered is the availability and source of fund for setting up the industry, small scale business is an organization that can be measured by various characteristic and some of these are its sales volume, capital investment, ownership structure and the member of paid employees. Small scale industr... read more

The study focused on the small scale enterprise and economic development of Nigeria. Along the line, problems hindering the expansion of small scale enterprises in Enugu State were identified For guidance on the study, the research formulated hypothesis based on which questions where designed. The purposes of the study was stated, statement of problems made, and related literature reviewed. Out of the existing small scale industries located in Enugu State, some of them ... read more

Local government council as third and last tier of government is faced with this primary function of bringing as close as possible the impact of government to people of a particular locality. Impacts such as government regulatory policies government protected service government development projects e.g. road net work hospitals school markets pipe borne water etc. This primary function of the local government has in recent times faced a lot of set back due to insufficient reven... read more

A Bank economic purpose is to act as a financial intermediate it facilities the process of channeling savings into investments and one of the avenue of realizing this objective is by lending effectively. It was recommended amongst others that state owned commercial banks should be effectiveness Banks should use the services of external consultants to manager collect the debts on account classified as doubt fill and prevent the diversion of funds by some borrower, the banks should try ... read more