CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Rape, unlawful sexual activity, most often involving sexual intercourse, against the will of the victim through force or the threat of force or with an individual who is incapable of giving legal consent because of minor status, mental illness, mental deficiency, intoxication, unconsciousness, or deception. In many jurisdictions, the crime of rape has been subsumed under that of sexual assault. Rape was long considered to be caused by unbridled sexual desire, but it is now understood as a pathological assertion of power over a victim. Rape is often explained or excused as a manifestation of racial, ethnic, and class hatred or as stemming from a patriarchal system in which women are viewed as the property of men. Whatever its origins, rape is a serious crime and is treated as a felony in most countries with common-law systems. In many rape trials, the guilt or innocence of the accused hinges on whether or not the victim consented to sexual intercourse. The determination of consent often can lead to distressing cross-examinations of rape victims in court

. As a result, many rape victims choose not to report the crime to police or refuse to press charges against their assailants. For example, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, an office within the U.S. Department of Justice, fewer than one-quarter of rapes or sexual assaults in the country were reported to police in 2016. Even when brought to trial, those charged with rape have a higher-than-average rate of acquittal, mainly because it is difficult to prove a crime for which there are usually no third-party witnesses and because the testimony of women often may be given less credence than that of men. Rape is thus both underreported and underprosecuted. To protect women from humiliating cross-examination, many jurisdictions have adopted rape shield laws, which limit the ability of the defendant’s counsel to introduce the accuser’s sexual history as evidence.The consequences of rape to the woman or man can be classified either as physically, mentally or emotionally traumatic. Among the physical effects include unwanted pregnancies, diseases or health problems, and certain disruptions on the woman’s natural bodily functions. On the other hand, psychological effects range from self-PITY to the more striking suicidal tendencies

  -  Unwanted pregnancy. Of course, the most immediate physical effect of rape is the risk for the victim of getting pregnant. Dependent on the age of the victim, she may conceive a child even if she is just reached puberty. In most instances, rape victims who do become pregnant opt to abort the child that is considered the result of the crime committed against them.  In some cases the situation is further complicated due to abortions not being a legal option for the victim.

–          Exposure or transmission of certain diseases. Without their knowledge, the rape victims are also at risk of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS that could affect their health in the short and long term even leading to death.

Damage or disruption of body organs or functions. Since rape is a form of forced intercourse, the victim’s body usually suffers physical injury particularly to the vagina, uterus, and other parts of the reproductive system. The risks are greater if the rape victim is a child or a very young teen. In addition the rape victims are often beaten up and tortured during and after the rape, which might even lead to losing their life in some cases.

–          Trauma and paranoia. The foremost psychological effect of rape will be emotional trauma and paranoia. At times, the victim will exhibit symptoms of mental and emotional trauma through solitude and exclusion. They also develop fear in mingling and socializing with strangers and other people especially men. These effects can last for the duration of the victim’s lifetime.

–          Self-pity or self-blame. Apart from making her aloof and isolated, rape can also lead the victim to pity or blame herself for the crime. This effect is partly caused by the social stigma or shame that societies or communities wrongly attribute to the victim. She is often deprived of the care she should receive from families and society at large, who in turn can accuse her of callous and provoking behavior. This worsens her mental state and she is left emotionally devastated.

–          Suicidal tendencies. The most striking effect that rape can produce in a victim is the thoughts or tendencies of committing suicide. Because of trauma, self-pity, and seclusion, rape victims often feel that there is no longer hope and they could no longer recover and that they are not worthy of living.

1.2   Statement of research problem

The agency in charge for the violation of human right in nigeria have been guided by series of laws and policies,so as to get justic for rape victims and also see to their psychological well being.these have caused the researcher to critically investigate the psychological effect of rape on adolescent  in nigeria. And to see how quick  justic can be metted out to the victims of rape.

1.3   Objectives of the study

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the psychological effect of rape on adolescents, hence the study seeks to:

1. investigate the concept of psychology.

2. Investigate  how rape affect the psychological balance of adolescent.

3.investigate  how rape victims can get justice and overcome the pain of been raped .

1.4   Research questions

1.        What are the various laws that has been made to see to the incaceration of a rapist?

2.        What are the factors affecting these laws from been effective?

3.        What are the various ways a rape victim can overcome the fears of being raped?

4.        What are the various ways to stop a rape victim from stigmatization?

1.5   Significance of the study

The study is considered significance for the following reasons.

l  It will shed more light on the  psychological effect of rape on adolescent.

l  The study will be of help to government agencies, non-governmental organizations , human right violation groups and   academia

l  It will also serve as a guide to future researchers who may want to further elaborate on this  similar study.

1.6    Scope of the study

This study focuses on investigation of the psychological effect of rape on adolescent.  and also, the  study will further examine how rape has affected adolescent psychologically, and how rape victims can get justice as quick as possible. hence This study is delimited to adolescent in calabar local government in cross river state.

1.7   Limitations of the study

During the course of this study challenges encountered were that of .

l  Financial constraint, was faced by the research as the researcher could not go to human right violation agency  as much as it wanted to, also,in getting relevant materials  and  in printing and collation of questionnaires.

l  Time factor: time factor pose another constraint since having to shuttle between writing of the research and also engaging in other academic work making it impossible to carry out more research to the full potential of the researcher

1.8   Operational definition of terms

Psychology: this is the scientific study of the human mind and its functions ,especially those affeccting behaviour of a person.

RAPE: rape is a type of sexual assualt usually involving sexual intercourse, against the will of the victim.

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