HEAVY METAL DISTRIBUTION IN SEDIMENT OF AKPABUYO STREAM, CROSS RIVER BASIN SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Heavy metals pollution of aquatic ecosystem is becoming a potential global problem, pollution typically refers to chemicals or other substance in concentration greater than it would occur under natural conditions. Water pollution is the introduction by man of substances into the aquatic environment resulting from deleterious effect as harm to human health (FAO 1990).The presence of increased level of heavy metals in the aquatic environment has been of much concern for the past decades due to adverse effect of some metals on living organisms in food chains leading to man. Pollutants are the cause of major water quality degradation around the world. Several toxic metals which are important to the environment and human health have been detected in aquatic media. These toxic metals include the non-essential meals and are no importance to humans (Borgman and Norwood 2002).
Trace amount of heavy metals are always present in fresh water from terrigenous sources such as weathering of rocks resulting into geo-chemical recycling of heavy metal elements in these ecosystem. Trace elements may be immobilised within the stream sediments and could be involved in absorption, co-precipitation and complex formation. Sometimes they are co-adsorbed with other elements as oxides, hydroxides of Fe, Mn, or may occur in particulate form.
Heavy metal may enter into aquatic ecosystem from anthropogenic sources, such as industrial wastewater discharge, sewage wastewater, fossil fuel combustion, and atmospheric deposition. Trace element in stream sediment compartment can be used to reveal the history and intensity of local and regional pollution. In this work, the of stream sediment contamination was assess using geo-accumulation index.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of the current study area are:
1. To assess the extent and degree of metals, and the origin of these metals, using the geo-accumulation index of the metals.
2. To determine the total content of heavy metals in surface sediments of Akpabuyo.
3. To estimate the anthropogenic input and to assess the pollution status on the area.
1.3 STUDY AREA
The study area which is located in Akpabuyo, Cross River State lies between longitudes 80 22I 30II E – 80 30I 0II E and latitude 40 52I 30II N – 40 57I 30II N (fig 2). With an area of 126,4032 Square Km. Although many stream samples where collected but few was selscted for the heavy metal analysis. The various Locations in Akpabuyo which sediment samples were collected and used to carry out the analysis are Esuk Mbat stream(L1), Esuk Ekpo Eyo Stream(L2), Ikot Akwa Stream(L3), Dan Archibong Stream(L4), Itu Stream(L5), Ikot Ndarake Stream(L6), Asioha Stream(L7), Ikot Ekpo Ene Stream(L8), Ekpene Ikot Imo Stream(L9), Ikot Nakanda(L10), and their following coordinate shown respectively (table 1.3) . It originate from a hilly region and flows through several villages and farmland
NOT THE TOPIC YOU ARE LOOKING FOR?
Once payment is made, kindly send us your project topic, email address and payment name to +234 810 144 4147
Once payment is confirmed, Project materials will be sent to your email
Aking-West and its environs is located within latitude 050 221N and 050 261N and longitude 0080 361E and 0080 381E. It covers an estimated area of about 72km2. The area is situated in Cross River State which falls within the Basement Complex of South...
The geology of southern Akor and its environs lies within the Oban Massif, a component of the crystalline basement of Nigeria. The Nigeria crystalline basement in turn forms a part of the African crystalline basement and covers over 50% of the total ...
Subsurface maps are perhaps the most important vehicle used to explore for undiscovered hydrocarbons and to develop proven hydrocarbon reserves. However, the subject of subsurface mapping is probably the least discussed of interpretation and the cons...
The resistivity method is used in the study of the horizontal and vertical discontinuities in the electrical properties of the ground and also in the detection of three dimensional bodies of anomalous electrical conductivity. In the study of ground w...
liciclastic rocks (e.g., Dickinson and Suczek, 1979; Bhatia, 1983; Bhatia and Crook, 1986; Roser and Korsch 1986; McLennan and Taylor, 1991). Among the terrigenous sedimentary rocks, shales are considered to represent the average crustal composition ...
1.0-6.0) in borehole and, (21.0-35.6) well water; BOD (<0.50) borehole and, (56.0-185) well water. Micro-biological parameters; TC (cfu/100ml) were not present in either of the ground water. All values were related to WHO, EPA and FMA standard of wat...
There is a great need to examine the effects of soil erosion on settlement in Agbor, Delta State-Nigeria. This study will help to know if there is any significant relationship between the effects of soil erosion and the level of settlement developmen...
Kwale is located between latitude 60 09N and 60 29N of the equator and longitude 50301E and 60031E of the Green Witch meridian. Kwale is a town in Ndokwa West Local Government Area of Delta in southern Nigeria. As a matter of fact, it is the headquar...
Ogbe-Ijaw lies within latitude 50521N and 50451N of the equator and longitude 50751E and 50311E of the Greenwich meridian. From West to South, the area is wrapped by the Forcadoes on the west, Warri South L.G.A on the east, Burutu L.G.A on the South ...
River Ethiope which cuts across the two study areas (Abraka and Eku) took its source from Umuaja in Ukwuani L.G.A Delta State. River Ethiope is located in the South-South geo-political zone of Southern Nigeria. Abraka is located geographically at lat...
Message Us on WhatsApp »
