THE IMPACT OF COMMUNITY BANKS IN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF NDI-AFIA COMMUNITY BANK IN ENUGU-URBAN)

The importance for the establishment of public enterprises or corporations was felt in 19th Century and there after. There were a lot of upheavals in European society because of industrialization and urbanization. Social issues like unemployment and economic inequalities necessitated state intervention in economies. Britain is widely referred to as the father of public enterprises. A good number of African Countries chose the public sector for economic and social development. This a... read more

Exchange rate is the price of one country’s currency expressed in terms of some other currency. It determines the relative prices of domestic and foreign goods, as well as the strength of external sector participation in the international trade. Exchange rate regime and interest rate remain important issues of discourse in the International finance as well as in developing nations, with more economies embracing trade liberalization as a requisite for economic growth (Obansa, Okoroafor, Aluko a... read more

In the global terms, knowledge on all ramification of human endeavor, be it engineering, marketing, medicine and so on, is the pivot upon which the fulcrum of wisdom gravitate. This accounts for the differences in development on the private life and national life of individuals and the nations all over the world. No country has achieved sustained economic development without substantial investment in human capital. Several studies have evolved to analyze the channel through which humancapital... read more

The agricultural sector in Nigeria was a source of foreign prior to the discovery of oil in commercial quantity. Then Nigeria was reckoned with the production and export of groundnut, cocoa, rubber, and other agricultural crops in Nigeria. The discovery of oil at large exploration in the 1970s turned the tide against the agricultural sector in favor of the oil sector. For instance, as at 2000, oil and gas exploration accounted for more than 98% of export earnings and about 83% of federal governm... read more

The relationship between government expenditure and economic growth has continued to generate series of debate among scholars. Government performs two functions­-Protection (and security) and Provision of certain public goods (Abdullah, 2000) and (AI - Yousif, 2000). Protection function consists of the creation of rule of law and enforcement of property right. This helps to minimize risk of criminality, protect life and property, and the nation from external aggression. Under the provision of p... read more

Globalization is a comprehensive term for the emergence of a global society in which economic, political, environmental, and cultural events in one part of the world quickly come to have significance for people in other parts of the world.1 The term is also used to refer specifically to economic globalization in the context of integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, and capital flows, migration and spread of technology.2 It i... read more

Numerous empirical studies have appeared in recent years concerning the volatility of stock market returns. Indeed a wide variety of research has been conducted on stock returns volatility in both developed and emerging markets since the 1970’s in which the nature of volatility in different markets at different point in time were uncovered; and financial economists during this period have been able to determine the causes and variables behind the existence, nature and anomalies relating to mar... read more

TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Page – – – – – – – – – – Title Page – – – – – – – – – – Certification – – – – – – – – – – Dedication – – – – – – – – – – Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – – Abstract – – – – – – – – – –

The diagnostic survey conducted in 2001 into the Federal Government public procurement revealed that Nigeria lost several hundred billions of Naira over the last few decades due of flagrant abuse of procedures, lack of transparency and merit in the award of contracts in the public sector. Measures like legislative committees, financial audit, ministerial control, judicial reviews, anticorruption agencies, advisory committees, parliamentary questions and public hearing to ensure accountability in... read more

Financial deepening is defined as the process of development and expansion of financial institutions such as, banks, stock markets, and insurance companies etc relative to the size of a country's economy. It also refers to the increase in the provision of financial products and services with a wider choice to all level of the society. A robust financial system plays a crucial role in the economic development of a country. It facilitates the process of economic growth through mobilization and eff... read more

Trade unions have an immense effect on labor markets and societies. The main objective of this thesis is to examine how trade unionism affects workers. The subject matter of trade unionism and workers in Nigeria is of interest to both the government and employers. Trade unionism, which is the activities of association of workers in a workplace have been accepted and recognized as a necessary action. A trade union can be simply defined as ‘an alliance of workers to strengthen their efforts in b... read more

Undoubtedly, parts of the macroeconomic goals which the government strives to achieve are the maintenance of stable domestic price level and full-employment. Macroeconomic performance is judged by three broad measures- unemployment rate, inflation rate, and the growth rate of output (Ugwuanyi, 2004). Unemployment has been categorized as one of the serious impediments to social progress. Apart from representing an enormous waste of a country‟s manpower resources, it generates welfare loss in... read more

Globalization has changed the world entirely and this is known to everyone, it emerged with many challenges but energy received major attention from researchers. The demand for energy is increasing quickly in this globalizing world. Most of the countries including Nigeria are facing scarcity of energy and consequently it is brutally affecting the economic growth. Now, the search for alternative and renewable sources of energy has become the need of hour for countries (Chaudhry, Safdar and Farooq... read more

Housing is one of the basic necessities of man and has no doubt a profound impact on the health, welfare and productivity of the individual others are clothing and food. Housing must not be considered purely as shelter but against lifestyle which encompasses with economic, social and educational needs which must be able to meet the need and aspiration of the residents as well as contribute to the physical, mental, social wellbeing of the people and provide maximum quiet environment, living and ... read more

The incident of poverty within the Nigerian economy has been on the increase for the past two decades and the scourge has particularly been high especially within the 1980s. The need to employ all available economic parameters towards linking economic growth with poverty reduction thus becomes important. The state of the development in sub-Saharan Africa is such that recent economic performance appears to be on the downward trend and in spite of the strides that have been made by a few African c... read more

For some time now, the contribution of agriculture to the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has reduced (Adegeye, 1996). This is not only caused as a result of shift from concentration on agriculture dependence to petroleum but also due to low return from farming. This is exacerbated by different factors such as capital limitation, limitation in land supply, old method of farming and infertile land. Infertility of land can be as a result of several factors. But the major factors are land ... read more

A budget is a framework for revenue and expenditure outlays over a specified period usually one year (Olurankise 2012). The role of budget in an economy cannot be overemphasized Olomola (2009). It is an essential factor for economy in facilitating and realizing the vision of government in a given fiscal year. Olomola (2009) opined that the budget process has always been coming with unending faults. The most visible bottlenecks are associated with budget implementation. Frequently the compliant i... read more

Previous research on privatization has focused on its effect on output, profitability, investment and efficiency at the level of the firm, neglecting the economic growth and other impacts. Nigeria’s port privatization through concession in 2006 covered virtually all the ports in the economy. However, the few studies on the subject neither factored in the complexity that characterize the multiple port system nor controlled for alternative explanations of the changes in the economy. This correla... read more

Pig is one of the domestic animals found in Nigeria and most parts of West Africa. Pigs are reared for the production of meat called pork and fat called lard. The pig produces litters twice a year. One litter or one birth give between eight (8) and sixteen (16) piglets. They also eat anything that is edible when given. Although, the rearing of pig and its consumption is not popular in Moslems areas in Nigeria because of the religion. Some people look at pigs as dirty animal usually found in... read more