CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

    The  essence of budgeting is to provide an essential element of control in an organization  in order to facilitate the achievement of set objectives .The control process is the fundamental   organization         link between the manager and the other people in an  organization   in  a non profit making organization output various with the objective with which they were established. The objective of public organization could be social and or development in nature

. however this does not  means  that public organization can not make profit if government policy changes to   privatizing or commercializing them. The main structural problem of these type of organization is the sacrifice of the organization  profitability for social efficacy which must be achieved in research  institute Badeggi falls into this category. 

With the use of budget as a control tool, there is Ned for planning a the performance of an organization.  Planning  as  defined by C.I.M.A is  an the establishment of objective and the  formulation evaluation and selection of the formulation of the policies strategies  tactics and action required to achieve these objective, by planning activities in advance more economical use is made  of the  organization resource and facilities and a fairly accurate estimates of it s future resources requirement can be determined.

One of the outstanding features of budgetary control is that policy plans resource s and activities of the organization are coordinated integrated   and controlled to achieve the desired objectives.

Budgetary control is a means of providing some centralizing control where activities and also responsibilities are decentralized.

It is also the use of budget for assigning responsibilities planning and controlling performance and guiding managerial and other activities of the firm towards the achievement of organizational objectives. It involves, setting out clearly defined  forgets of output , income and expenditure for each section of the organization .Embodying these forgets of performance in sectional divisional and departmental  budgets co0mpariing these budget standards with actual performance .identifying deviations or variances from the budget and taking corrective action or bringing performance in line with budget targets .this is because all the heads of departments in the organization are involved in the preparation and implementation of budgets, while management5 control the whole activities of the organization.

                   Budgets are prepared as a result of committee work .Each cmmittee constituting of representatives of various departments and functions to be controlled .the heads of departments are  responsible for the respective department budget 

Each executive or manager can then fully appreciate his responsibilities ,as they are reflected in his department budget .Any deviation of the actual result from the estimate and  forecast are traced back to the department head or manager.

1.1     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

     Most of the non_ profit making organization in Nigeria are  governmental in nature, this is because they are mainly set up for social and developmental purposes, this usually leads to a poor planning and control measures. The purpose of this study is to critically analyze the budgetary control system as a planning tool in non_ profit making organization using National cereals  Research  institute as a case study. This research work intend to bring about clearer understanding of the need for an effective and efficient budgetary control in a  nonprofit making organization which will also  be of benefit to other similar

Organization leading to an improvement in government owned organization budgetary control system.

1. 2    STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

     public sector  and other nonprofit making organization are often noted for inefficiencies  and poor management, which is as a result of poor  planning through repetitive budgeting. Recent studies in the area of budget and resources allocation have shown lack of proper analysis. There is a general lack of the concept of why we have a budget at all. This issue calls for immediate  investigation of budgeting as a tool for resources planning and performance control and to recommend how it can function properly.  

1.3.       OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

      The  main  objective to be achieved from this research work is that, it will; serve as a means of measuring the output or the work performed and to compare it with the cost of input. This comparison provides a basis for indicating efficiency and effectiveness.

      The process of comparing actual results with planned and evaluating variance if any set a control frame works which help expenditure to be kept within an agreed limit.  If this deviations are noted, so that action can be taken to correct this in the future.

1.4     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

           The study intend to cover budgetary control as it affect National cereals Research institutes {N.C.R I} . it will  examine its budgeting control as a measure of performance.

1.5            RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The followings are the research questions of the study.

1.                 Historical Background

A       Was there any Decree /Act by Government that established the institute? (If any, quote with date.)

B       What are the objectives of the Federal Government in establishing the institute?

C       How does the institute relates with the ministry?

 D      What is the organization structure of the institute like?

E       Looking at the organization structure, what are the function of this department?

2.                 Funding / Expenditure

A       How do you budget for the institute / or what are the Department that participate in the preparation of budget and disbursement of the fund to Department etc?

B       Do you have a budget committee for the preparation of budget. What does it comprise of?

C       It is understood that Federal Government plays a major role in funding, what are the other sources of fund, with regard to sponsorship, loans, etc. Take a look at three consecutive financial fear.

3.                 Budgetary Control   

A       How does the management control the activities of the institute with regards to administration of budget, in respect of resources, personnel etc?

B       Is there any external monitory agent from the parent ministry that supervise the management? How is this carried out?

PROVISION FOR NO 2 ©

Funding / Expenditure for a particular fiscal year

Sources of fund

Federal Government Grant

Sales of produced crops

Sponsorship

Loans

Budget

Actual

Variance

remark

EXPENDITURE

S/N

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9
10

11

12

13

14

14

Description

Staff salaries/ wages

Branch members allowance

Insurance and iciness

Rents

Electricity water and gas

Professional charges

Stationeries, printing

Admin/ establishment Gener. expense

Advertisement

Board meeting expenses

Transport and travelling

Audit fees and expenses

Bank changes and commission

Staff training and conference

Research works:

-         Mechanical

-         Field work etc.

Budget Actual

   Variance             remark

1.6     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The underlisted hypothesis from the framework for carrying out the study

HO:    Budgetary control effective and it s efficiency is not facilitated by the financing inducing role of government.

HI: Budgetary control effectiveness and its efficiency is facilitated by the financial inducing role of government

HO: Effectiveness and efficiency of budgetary control does not depend excessively on the provision of basic infrastructures .

H1: Effectiveness and efficiency of budgetary control expends excessively on the provision of basic infrastructures.

HO: Budgetary control are not the hallmark for development of the economy

H1: Budgetary control are the hallmark for development of the economy.

1.5                                    RESEARCH QUESTION

SECTION A

1.                 How effective is the financial inducing role of government towards non profit making organization by the use of access to borrowing loans etc?

Very adequate                         Adequate

Very poor                      Poor           

2                                           Does inadequate infrastructure facilities like access good road telecommunication, electricity etc. effect budgetary control in on profit making organization?

Very much                     Much                    Very low              Low

3                                           Has establishment promotion and development of non profit making organization been identified as a strategy to tacking poverty and sustenance of economic development.

         Totally agree                  Agreed                  Totally disagreed                     Disagreed

4                                           Has the funding of non-profit making organization contributed satisfactorily to budgetary control effective in the development of the economy.

Highly satisfied              Satisfied              Highly Dissatisfied                    Dissatisfied                   

5.                 Does non profit making organization has the hall mark for development of economy

Yes             No              Don’t know                  

SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE (STRUCTURED)

PROJECT TOPIC: The critical Analysis of budgetary control, its 

effectiveness and efficiency in a non profit making organization. A case study of National cereal research institute, badeggi,

Instruction:          Kindly tick (    ) in the boxes provided or supply simple

answers where applicable.

1.7            LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The constraints include:

Time factor, the period within which the research work is expected to be completed is rather two short for any meaningful work to be done.

financial  difficulty, considering the bad economy situation in the country, effort to have  sufficient research material to be able to write extensively on the Subject matter proves abortive.

LACK OF ADEQUATE RESEARCH MATERIAL

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