This study focuses on employee orientation and as it affects organizational commitment to work. The point is that people have different aspirations, expectations and views about work, which invariably affect the degree of their commitment to the organization in which they work. This work is therefore part of the scholar as to what particular work orientation best engenders favourable work attitudes and commitment. Two distinct group are involved in this debate – they are the instrumentalist re... read more

A brief look at Nigeria today one carryout find out that, like fashion and everything new in Nigeria, the spirit that greeted (the issue of globalization at its chmaxin 200) seems to have reduced. The word globalization also seen to have, gone into our libraries as we have the internet and cyber café, globalization has been defined by john vogi (vanguard 2003) means a world that is liberalized of barriers to trade and invest where corporation can product and sell almost any services and p... read more

Before independence, the economy of Nigeria was mainly involved in the extraction of raw materials like cocoa, groundnut, rubber, timber and palm oil from the hinterland to the metropolitan countries of Europe. This process was financed by the commercial and trading houses like the United African Company (UAC), John Holt and Miller Brother which came with colonialism. These raw materials were refined into finished products and sold at maximum cost of profit. The encouragement of cash crops an... read more

This study falls within management theory, organization behavaviour, personnel management, labour law and industrial relation. Focusing primarily in industrial relation this study comes under public sector, labour and as well management relation (Onwuchekwa), industrial relation is the regulation of employment relations in any employment situation by the employer, management of the organization or their organizations, the workers of the organization and a third party. private or government throu... read more

Recording human numbers using statistical method is not a recent phenomenon. It is the method used for collection, analyzing and interpreting of numerial data relating to a certain area of investigation as well as for drawing valid conclusion in situations of uncertainty and variability. The statistical knowledge for effective national planning equitable governance and planning for the future. It also serves as a basis for resource distribution such as rereme allocation, constituency represen... read more

Language is a major and an indispensable tool in human existence. No wonder Microsoft Encarta (2009) defines it as “the principal means used by human beings to communicate with one another”. Language is primarily spoken, although it can be transferred to other media such as written, non-verbal and so on. It is therefore, the bedrock of communication which holds a society together. Communication occurs in various ways: in the forms of, interaction through conversation (discourse), speech ... read more

Non-governmental agencies in Nigeria have demonstrated appreciable interest towards the provision of amenities to both the rural and urban population of the country. The interest shown by these non-governmental agencies could be derived from their genuine intension of uplifting the liking standard of the people. There is therefore no gain saying the fact that there have been some noticeable increases in educational institutions, health centers, road constructions, water supply and so on as they ... read more

Political corruption is not a recent phenomenon that per4vades the Nigerian state. Since the creation of modern public administration in the country, there have been cases of official mosuse of resource for personal enrichment. Nigeria ranked 139th out of 176 countries in Transparency international. The rise of public administration and the discovery of petroleum and natural gas are two major events seen to have led to a litary of ignoble corrupt practices in the country. Over the years, the ... read more

Information is a basic human need. It is needed virtually in all facets of human endeavor such as teaching, learning, business, decision making, education, travel etc. No modern society can function effectively within the intensive of information whether in print or non print format. It is therefore pertinent to know how these information can be harness, retrieved and disseminated for use by the user or the society in a modern world. The different methods of information retrieval are therefor... read more

Reference service is one of the essential services of the library. Meaning reference service is the activities, roles, functions and services rendered by the reference librarian constitute reference service. According to Prytherch, (2002) He states that: “reference service deal with the provision of reference work by library staff”. According to Ohio Library Council, (2005) Reference services is “A way for libraries to meet the needs of their user (clientele) communities”. Reference s... read more

Network monitoring takes note of slow or failing systems and notifies the network administrator of such occurrences. Such notifications can take the form of email massage, page alerts, or plain old phone calls. No matter what form they take, network problem massage should take the highest priority. Network monitoring should be running while other systems are performing their functions that is vital. You need to set aside at least one computer or set of computers to monitor network activity (Edwa... read more

The ideal situation for inspection is of course one in which no inspection is necessary. This is because the quality assurance effort cooperatively mounted by the purchaser and supplier has resulted in outstanding quality performance and reliable supporting supplier generated records. However not all organizations have reached this enviable goal, examining some of the more common ideas surrounding inspection and quality control is useful conversely. Adequate drafting or written of specif... read more

Variety reduction can be applied to any production process. The technique certainly has more effect if applied in the right place and at the right time. Apparently in many organization, it is clearly to see organization be it manufacturing holding different number of types, size or grade of a product that can perform the same function, this means duplication of items, the cost of materials is the last remaining cost that is truly variable, a reduction in the cost of material clearly offe... read more

This study intends to shed more light on the impact of public procurement act on the accountability of procurement officers in public sector in Kaduna state ministry of education and how it contribute positively towards the conservation of resources in a services organization. However, the researcher feel it would be of great importance to conduct a detailed study on the procurement process or system used by the services organization and the impact of federal government procurement act on the... read more

Material Sourcing is a set of tangible physical attributes assembly in an identifiable form. That is given the rapid changes in taste, technology and competition, organization will not rely solely on its existing supplier but look forward to get better sources of materials. An organization can use three ways to minimize cost of sourcing materials, by interviewing her customers, by negotiation with the suppliers, by sourcing for better materials, we mean original material that can go into prod... read more

Material Management was first discovered as very important function during the Second World War. After industrial revolution industries are sprining up in hundred everyday activities, raw materials and scare, production has become complex and the number of goods, components and raw materials have increased to thousand account head to be prepared and customer need to be attended to writing a short period of time. Alternative sources are required and new product need improvements and development w... read more

During the Second World War after the industrial revolution, industries sprang up in hundreds every day. As a result of the increase in industries, raw materials became scarce. This made production to be complex. Accounts needed to be prepared and customers needed to be attended to within a short period of time. Alternative sources were required and new product needed improvement and development. With this problem in mind, the material management concept was introduced with the view to solving t... read more

A store is an essential limb of an organization. It is the depository of all materials required by the organizations in the organization and supplies materials as an when required. It is important to note that the store is an area of great expenditure in manufacturing and assembling plant. It is true that store function is a major cost centre which make use of 70-75% annual budget of the firm (Dangana 2005) and thus it can affect saving and therefore contribute significantly and therefor... read more

Store code and material identification has witnessed great transformation in recent times due to technological advancement. Consequently, the risk of store personel have become far easier, more efficient, cost effective and all major operations are executed with high level of accuracy. Store code and material identification is an aspect of store management that enjoys this transformation. The process of indexing, coding and sorting has improved significantly with computer system applicat... read more

Supplier selection is a procurement planning activity which allows managers to search for and find credible sources of supply that can ensure the availability of materials, equipments, fools, components, protects, consumables, and services at the right price, quantity, at the right tine and place. In order to ensure contritely of supply purchasing officers must spend tine and effort in investigating and evaluating prospective sources or suppliers and continuously appraising the performa... read more