A budget is a financial and a quantitative statement prepared prior to a defined period of time of the policy to be pursued for the purpose of attaining a given objective. Also according to A.U. Nweze (2004) in his profit planning. Budget is a plan quantified in monetary terms, prepared and approved prior to a defined period of time, usually showing planned income to be generated and or expenditure to be incurred during that period and the capital to be employed to attain a given... read more

According to Black Law Dictionary, tax is a rateable portion of the produce of the property and labor of the individual citizens, taken by the nation, in the exercise of its sovereign rights, for the support of government, for the administration of the laws, and as the means for continuing in operation the various legitimate functions of the state. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (2006) and the Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria (2002) view tax as an enforced contrib... read more

Cost Accounting Information helps Management in making suitable decisions such as to make or buy, replace manual labour by machines, shut down or continue operations based on cost reports. (Vishnani, Shah 2008). In the modern business world, the nature and functioning of business Organizations have become very complicated. They have to serve the needs of variety of parties who are interested in the functioning of the business. These parties constitute the Owners, Creditors, Employees, Governm... read more

Cost Accounting Information helps Management in making suitable decisions such as to make or buy, replace manual labour by machines, shut down or continue operations based on cost reports. (Vishnani, Shah 2008). In the modern business world, the nature and functioning of business Organizations have become very complicated. They have to serve the needs of variety of parties who are interested in the functioning of the business. These parties constitute the Owners, Creditors, Employees, Governm... read more

The purpose of this study is to explore Cost and Management Accounting Practices utilized by Organizations. The findings are expected to contribute to the existing literature about the subject, especially in developing markets. At the heart of nations’ economic success or failure is the performance of individual businesses, which itself reflects the quality of decisions made by businessmen. To make decisions, businessmen require information, including accounting information. Despite the lac... read more

Banks are important to economic development through the financial services they offer. Their intermediation role can be said to be a catalyst for economic growth. The recent failure of banks has been a concern for Central bank of Nigeria and shareholder of these banks. Loans and advances is a major source of earnings for banks. Banks are exposed to high risk as a result of lending to customers. Banks face the risks of borrowers not being able to repay principal and interest as they fall due. Exp... read more

In most developing countries including Nigeria, government participation in economic activity is usually significant. One of the ways through which government has intervened in Nigerian economy is through the establishment of public enterprises and statutory bodies operating services of an economic or social character on behalf of the government. Since the colonial era, especially after independence in 1960, Nigerian public enterprises have witnessed a steady growth unit recently. Its Olisa... read more

The basic economic problem that confronts an under developed or a developing country and especially the new independent ones is how to attain within a relatively short period, a notable increase in the rate of economic growth which is envisaged will bring it to the level of perpetual real income comparable to those of more admired economics of the world. In order to attain this oval, the country would have to ; 1.provide those basic government services especially in education, public health ... read more

A tax could be defined as a compulsory payment levied on individuals by government or paying a specific percentage of their earnings or a specific amount of money in order to raise revenue for development purposes. A tax according to Agyei (1985:2) defines tax as “the transfer of resources from the private sector to the public sector in order accomplish some of the nation’s economic and social goals”. Well, the primary economic goal of developing countries is to increase the r... read more

Tax policy among other being the basic objective of the encouraging capital formation for economic development. Income that would otherwise be spent on non-essential is usually taxed out of their holder to mobilize enough savings to finance needed investment both in the manufacturing and social overhead capital. However, in thud capital formation, sole development of the economy lies in the conflict between the need for high rate to raise enough capital for the government owned investment ... read more

The success of a business is generally attributable in great measure of the ability of its management personal to cope with probable conditions of the future. Short range as well as long-term plans must be made accomplished through sound management evaluation. However, many aids have been controlling and co-ordinating the function of their business. One of the tool which encompasses vital and needed information in guiding companies profit path is the Break-Even theory. This is an extension ... read more

The use of budget in government long preceded its application in business or the business sector. In the stable economic environment of the period before world war, few large companies in U.S.A and U.K used budgets. The result of the use of budget conflicted, some pioneer companies reported it was a significant tool to management but reported it has an ill or even a negative effect on efficiency and productivity. In order to avoid the conflicting result of the large segment still straddled the f... read more

The essence of budgeting is to provide an essential element of control in an organization in order to facilitate the achievement of set objectives .The control process is the fundamental organization link between the manager and the other people in an organization in a non profit making organization output various with the objective with which they were established. The objective of public organization could be social and or development in nature . however this does not means... read more

Banks have been accused of taking two much risk in unexpected new environments and lines of business. The advice being given is for the banks to avoid further in exposure by threatening to move tradition that will understand the activities banks, however are being charged by their shareholders to maximize holder’s wealth overtime. To achieve this goal, banks must search out for opportunity in the financial market and loan to manage risk by implementing more systematic system of risk control. A... read more

The introduction of universal banking law has brought changes over the years, with it stiff competition in the banking industry. Commercial banks are no exception to the modern changes in ensuring staff motivation towards their organisational goals. The study seeks to assess the motivational packages available at First Bank and how it affects employee performance towards the Bank‟s cor was used for the study. The study revealed that, management can make use of different strategies and policies... read more

Money is an organization tool which is used for proper management, control and co-ordination. Economically, it is said to be scare in supply and the scare nature of it makes it necessary for good and effective management. Every organization whether small or large, requires good Accounting system for efficient management and control of her finances which may be done through a specified method as: i. Controlling of Assets ii. Internal/External Auditing iii. Keeping of Proper Books i... read more

Petroleum is presently one of the most important and valuable natural resources of Nigeria. It is exploited in many ways that maximizes its benefits to the nation. Nigeria receives a fair share of profits derived by the mineral companies while also offering stable and attractive terms to investors. According to Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (NEITI), in 2011, Nigeria is among the largest oil producers in Africa and among the top ten globally. The country has pumping capaci... read more

The fact that there was an entry has been found the purchase of asset and which 'entry has been to be correctly recorded is not proof that the assets is in possession of the concern at the date of the balance sheet. It is possible that after the asset has been acquired and the necessary entries made in the books of accounts, that asset might have been disposed off pledged or mortgage but no entry has been made regarding these facts in hence, the objects of verification of assets is the satisfact... read more

This research topic is the most of auditing in fraud prevention and control in an organization. Nigerian Bottling Company plc is chosen as a case study. The research topic has been chosen in order to investigate. Among the objectives of this study is to identify the factor responsible for weak internal control in an organization in Nigerian bottling company plc, both primary and secondary sources of data are used in gathering the data, hypothesis were formulated and Hi was accepted and the resea... read more

Auditor plays a greater roles in the state and the entire nation as a whole, for the development of public sectors in the states, it constitute nearly 80% in terms of financial management for fraud prevention and control in the public sector. Auditing in its modern form, has attended a primitive existence since the 16th century when the division first started to grow between those who provide capital and those who managed the business. The introduction of the joint stock companies, has greatl... read more