Internally Generated Money (IGR) refers to the revenue generated by state governments inside their jurisdiction. Taxes, fines and fees, licenses, profits and sales, rent on government property, interests and dividends are only a few of the internal income streams accessible to state governments. The ability of a state government to produce income domestically is an important factor to consider while forming one.

Police officers are state employees tasked with the responsibility of 'law enforcement and order maintenance' in society. The police have the power to use force, including violence, in order to carry out these twin missions.

NAFDAC was established by decree 15 of 1993 as amended by decree No 1999 to regulate and control importation, exportation, manufacturing, advertisement, distribution, sale and use of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, the target chemicals bottled water, all non as regulated product. The importance of food and drugs to man and animal particularly is very obvious. They need food in order to grow and sustain life. While life goes on and because of the inherent deposition to illness, the ... read more

The historical background of the civil service date back to the end of colonial masters and post independence period. After the second World War there were about 14 British administration in the recitation to Nigerians supported staff and one European Stenothern. The headquarter of the mot technical departments was in Ebutometa that of reterinary service was in vow. While that of agriculture and forestry was co-ordination from two centres Kaduna for the North and Lagos later Enugu for the So... read more

A good leadership and administration has been widely acknowledged as a potent instrument for the achievement of national development especially in Nigeria. Leadership is an important aspect of management. The ability to lead effectively is one of the keys of being an effective manager or administrator. The essence of leadership is follower ship. In other words, it is the willingness of people to follow those whom they perceive as providing means of achieving their own desires, wan... read more

Conflict is the incompability of goals and values between two or more parties in a relationship, combined with the attempt to control each other and antagonistic feelings towards each other. It is a state of discord caused by the actual or perceived opposition of needs, values and interests.1 It exist whenever incompatible activities occur. An activity that is incompatible with another is one that prevents, blocks or interferes with the occurrence or effectiveness of the second activity. The ... read more

Liberia became independent on duly 26, 1847 as a small republic of immigrant Americans on the coast traditionally called the “Grain Coast”. Thus it is considered the oldest African independent State except Ethiopia. Liberia is the only state in Sub-Sahara Africa that was never subject to colonial rule1. Before the immigration, which led to the creation of Liberia, the largely forested area now covered by the Liberia state was people by various Ethnic groups that form the overwhelming maj... read more

Terrorism is violence or threat of violence calculated to create an atmosphere of fear or alarm and thereby bring about some social and political changes. This definition is in line with the explanation offered by a South American Jurist more than 30 years ago, according to him “Terrorism consists of acts that are in themselves may be classic-crimes, murder, arson, the use of explosives, but that differ from classic crimes in that they are excited with the deliberate intention of causing panic... read more

Nigeria lies between latitudes 40N and 140N and Longitudes 20 east and 150 east of the Greenwich Meridian. This is an area of 922,200 square kilometers (356,000 square miles). To travel from the west to the east is a distance of 1,120 kilometers (700 miles) from the south to north of the country about 1,040 kilometers (650 miles). It is bounded in the north by the Sahara Desert and in the south by the Gulf of Guinea, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean. Seen on a map, Nigeria can best be described a... read more

The Niger Delta area is the most fragile region in Nigeria. The presence of oil and gas in the region makes it the goose that lays the golden egg, thus making the region the center of economic and political activities in the country. The Niger Delta was a foremost part of the area later to be called Nigeria and incorporated into the Atlantic world economy from the 16th century. Thus, the region developed a monetized economy and become ahead of contemporary developments in others part of the f... read more

This study is a research of the Enugu State Civil Service Commission the purpose of the study includes: i. To find out whether civil servant actually perform below standard. ii. To find out whether productivity is really declining in the civil services. iii. To find out what the causes are in the civil services. iv. To find out the measures to be taken in order to arrest the situation. While carrying out the research, the... read more

Residential property management is emerging as a managerial science today (Kyle and Baird, 1995). It transcends beyond the role of rent collector (Li, 1997). Managing a residential property involves establishing goals, objectives and policies and implementation of strategies to achieve those goals and objectives. Singh (1994, 1996) posited that residential property management is an activity that seeks to control interests in property owner and particular purpose for which the property is held. W... read more

Road transportation is by far the commonest means of transportation in Nigeria when compared to other means like air, rail and water. The technology has made life easy compared to previous means of transportation such as the use of animals during the pre colonial era. Nigerian economy despite its flaws, has afforded a large number of its populace the means to own cars making road traffic a major problem with grave disadvantages. In Nigeria, road accidents have been a disturbing phenomenon tha... read more

Road transportation is by far the commonest means of transportation in Nigeria when compared to other means like air, rail and water. The technology has made life easy compared to previous means of transportation such as the use of animals during the pre colonial era. Nigerian economy despite its flaws, has afforded a large number of its populace the means to own cars making road traffic a major problem with grave disadvantages. In Nigeria, road accidents have been a disturbing phenomenon tha... read more

The main objective of writing this project “on the evaluation of financial abuse in the federal inland revenue service” is to bring to the notice of the readers the source from which government derived its revenue and how its expenditure controlled and also to identify the evaluation of financial abuse in the federal inland revenue service and some control measure which the government can adopt in order to present the financial abuse in federal inland revenue service. The appropriate gov... read more

The pension and gratuity which are normally goes to retired employee have been in practice in the advanced western countries, which gradually came into our under developed countries, since then during colonial regime. Pension is a stated allowance or amount of money paid regularly on monthly basis to a person on his retirement from service. Gratuity: This is a sum of money paid to a worker or military personnel on retirement or discharge from service. The amount is calculated according to ... read more

This study interrogates the root causes of persistent unethical comportment, erosion of Values, and poor accountability in the contemporary civil service with a focus on the Federal Inland Revenue Service, Enugu. The manifestations of deepening attitudinal decay, mindful abuse of official Codes and principles and hysterical stealing, riddle the Federal Inland Revenue Service, Enugu today. Deontological ethical theory was employed to explicate the rationale behind unethical disposition of the civ... read more

This research work is designed to develop effective strategy for pension administration in the Nigeria public sector, using pension commission as a study. The research work reveals how some retirees are forced to continue to work throughout their life, not out of choice but for lack of means of sustenance at old age. The sources of data collection for this work are primary and secondary sources, the researcher in this process of data collection for the research regarded the questionnaire to serv... read more

In 2002, an international observation proclaimed the Niger Delta as one of the most volatile regions of the world. This observation came on the heels of incessant crisis which the region have been witnessing for decades but which took alarming dimension in loosing years of the 1990’s and the opening years of the new millennium. The region from one decade to another has witnessed unprecedented crisis which revolve round political and most importantly economic factors. Also from one decade to an... read more

In any establishment either private or public, the impact of salary increase and fringe benefits cannot be over-emphasized. To Nigeria Railway Corporation Enugu, satisfaction of the public and standard of living have been their major concern. The main objective has been the development and utilization of local raw material (coal) and mobilization of fund for the purpose of satisfaction of the Nigerians. In the bid to actualize this, the corporation finds it difficult and almost impossible... read more