CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Importing raw materials and machines is one of the paths of increasing the profit margins. There is a number of benefits in importing the goods, such as high quality, low prices, and benefits related to international trade. An importer can have a comparative advantage which means lower prices (Jones, 2006). Also, the importer can have much cheaper products from the foreign market due to low labor cost, low taxes, etc. in terms of quality, the importer can have the higher quality goods and produce the finished goods with high quality and extend the business profit margins. The benefits of import include giving developing nations a chance to boost their economy, producing higher quality products, and increasing revenue by introducing a new product to a locale. Imports allow greater diversity in the market for shoppers and residents of specific countries, as they can obtain foreign products without traveling or paying additional fees. Import benefits extend beyond individuals to businesses. Local businesses that engage in importing goods can create a valuable niche in their local market as the primary local supplier of a particular product. (Nelson and Winter, 2007).

COVID-19 has disrupted global activities across all economic sectors and industries. The disruptions are largely due to the lockdown measures adopted and implemented by countries globally as a health strategy to mitigate the impact of the pandemic’s spread on the human population. Production halts, movement restrictions of people and goods, border closures, logistical constraints, as well as the slowdown of trade and business activities are fall-outs of the COVID-19 lockdown measures. The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in Wuhan, China, was first reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) office in China on 31 December 2019. As of August 17, 2020, there were over 22.1 million reported cases. Its emergence in China, which is one of the major manufacturing and distribution hubs globally, affected the supply of finished and semi-finished products to countries around the world that depend on China for trade.

Literally, importation is important for the development and growth of national economies because not all countries have the resources and skills required to produce certain goods and services thus there is a need for them to import products that they deem fit is not manufactured within their country. This includes machineries used for production, raw material, and other economically profitable products. Therefore this implies that the lockdown policy that was birthed by the pandemic with countries closing their borders would have a negative implication on economies.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

With the implementation of the lockdown, the transportation sector upon which global importation activities are dependent has remained partially closed. Statistics show that no less than 90 countries had imposed lockdowns since March 2020 and at the peak in April 2020, about 3.9 billion people were under lockdown(htpp/wikipideia/lockdown2020). Consequently, there were constraints to the smooth functioning of the global supply chains, and this has had an adverse impact on global business and industrial activities. The shipping industry, which accounts for about 90% of global trade activities estimated at about $12 trillion, has been impacted by the pandemic(WTO 2020). By implication, the World Trade Organization (WTO) estimated that global trade will fall by between 13% to 32%, in terms of volume, by year-end 2020. The disruption in importation has also impacted other sectors including manufacturing, retail, construction, supply chains among others. According to the WTO (2020), nearly all regions have experienced a double-digit decline in trade volumes in 2020, with the most dips in imports coming from Asia and North America. The electronics and automotive segments will be the hardest hit due to the complexity of their value and supply chains. However, there is no doubt that Nigeria, as one of those countries that depend on importation of certain machines, automotive, and electronics would also be hit hard by the covid-19 lockdown. Thus, it is against this backdrop that this study is set to do a critical analysis of the effect of lockdown on importation.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This study is set to observe a critical analysis of the effect of lockdown on importation. Specifically, it is geared:

1. To examine the benefit of importation to industries.

2. To assess the effect of covid-19 lockdown on the supply chain of products.

3. To investigate the rate at which covid-19 lockdown affected trade activities.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study contributes to the existing knowledge body. Moreso it will enable business owners to diversify other local means of sourcing for raw material. It would aid manufacturing industries to improvise for local made machines in the absence of imported automotive and machines. It will heighten the awareness among policymakers and government on the need to support manufacturers of locally-made raw materials, machines, and automobiles with loans in other to encourage them.it would also lay emphasis to general consumers on the need to patronize made in Nigeria products rather than depending on imported goods.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study is set to observe a critical analysis of the effect of lockdown on importation. Specifically, it is set to examine the benefit of importation to industries. It will also access the effect of covid-19 lockdown on supply chain of products. Furthermore, it will investigate the rate at which covid-19 lockdown affected trade activities. However, the study is delimited to the Nigerian port Authority, Lagos State, Nigeria as the sampled participant.

1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H0: There is no significant effect of covid-19 lockdown on supply-chain of goods and services

H0: There is no significant effect of covid-19 lockdown on importation.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

During the course of the study challenges encountered were exclusively but not delimited to the following numerous. These are

· Inadequate finance: the research was faced with the problem of inadequate fund which hinders the researcher from shuttering to Access Banks within Lagos more so in printing and collation of questionnaires

· Time constrain: time factor poses another constraint since having to cope in this research which went simultaneously within the time schedule of other academic work making it impossible to undertake this study in large more representative skill.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS:

COVID-19:Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is defined as an illness caused by a novel coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2.

Lockdown: A lockdown is a restriction policy for people or communities to stay where they are, usually due to specific risks to themselves or to others if they can move and interact freely. 

Importation: importation is the action of buying or acquiring products or services from another country or another market other than own.

Supply-chain: A supply chain is defined as the entire process of making and selling commercial goods, including every stage from the supply of materials and the manufacture of the goods through to their distribution and sale.

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