CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

One of the major agents of socialization in the family and it’s the smallest unit of the society. The family is the first and most important agent of socialization because that is the place a child has he/her first encounter in life and its plays a major role in the development of the child. Psychology has proven that the brain of a child is blank like a white board and whatever that is written inside it, stays and contribute to the growth of the child either in a good or bad way. Activities that go on in the family between husband and wife affects a child negatively or positively. Research has shown that one of the factors that affect a home nowadays is domestic violence among couples. The higher percent of this violence is majorly against the wives in the home due to one reason or the other and it has become a trending issue. Domestic violence is a controversial issue which makes its assessment quite difficult.

Over the time, the term has borne various definitions. According to Amnesty International,  Nigeria (2005), it as an act of threatening, harassment or violence of any kind either psychological, physical, sexual or emotional between adults involved in a relationship or previously involved in one, regardless of their sex gender. Violence against women includes also domestic violence, rape, sexual assault, human traffic, genital mutilation and forced marriage.

Many women experience different kind of domestic violence from their husbands ranging from physical abuse such as beating, slapping, using of objects on the woman, suffocating, etc. Sexual abuse is another kind of domestic violence women experience in their homes such as forced vaginal penetration, anal penetration, oral stimulation, forced exposure to material or explicit sexual activity. violence against women includes any spoken, physical or sexual act meant to violate either body or identity of a woman regardless of her age, race, ethnicity or country.

Dutton (1992) defines physical violence as any behavior that involves the intentional use of force against the body of another person and that may cause physical injury, injury and / or pain. The author defines sexual abuse as any unwanted sexual intimacy imposed on an individual by another. The issue of domestic violence according to research has led to the death of many women. Some were injured severely, some pregnant women lost their babies while some were disabled. In 1994, statistics from the justice office shows that about 92% of domestic violence cases in the world involved women.

Wopadovi (women against domestic violence) 2014, domestic violence threatens many Nigerian families and, unfortunately, increases in our society. It makes women feel less of themselves and reduces their dignity of person in the society. Every country frowns on the issue of domestic violence including Nigeria. In section 42 of 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (As Amended), guarantees all Nigeria including women, the right from discrimination on basis sex. Also, Section 34 guarantees every citizen the right to dignity of human person which in it subsection (a) it forbids torture and inhuman or degrading treatments, subsection (b) it forbids the subjection of anybody to slavery or servitude yet violence against women continues unabated, unchecked and this has been blamed on the loopholes in our laws, some of which undermine the provision for equality in the constitution. One thing about domestic violence is that it can happen to anyone irrespective of their social status, race, religion or education.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Socialization is the process whereby a person acquires knowledge, new behavior and development. This process starts from the family. A child learns to talk, walk, call his/her name in the family which is the primary stage of socialization before the secondary comes. Activities that go on in the family between husband and wife affects a child negatively or positively. A child learns from his parents. Whatever a child witnesses his parents do, to him/her it is good and he copies the act. The development of a child takes different stages.

When a child witnesses his father beating and abusing his mother either verbally, physically, sexually, it may develop in the child physical, psychological, emotional and behavioral problems either short term or long term as a result of the forms of violence he/she is exposed to. This may corrupt the developmental process of the child and mar his/her destiny. It may as well affect the child’s education, how he/she relates with peers, sees the opposite sex, academic achievement, and other aspect of the child’s life. There has been an increase in acknowledgement that a child who is exposed to domestic abuse during his upbringing will suffer in his development and psychological welfare (Dodd, 2009).

Some emotional and behavioral problems that can result due to domestic violence include increased aggressiveness, anxiety, and changes in how a child socializes with friends, family and authorities. Problems with attitude and cognition in schools can start developing, along with a lack of skills such as problem-solving. Lehmann (1995), stated that in some cases the abuser will purposely abuse the mother in front of the child to cause a ripple effect, hunting two victims simultaneously. It has been found that children who witness mother-assault are more likely to exhibit symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Thus, this study tends to investigate domestic violence against women and its impact on children’s development.

1.3 Research Questions

The following questions guide the study:

1. What are the psychological impact of domestic violence on a child?

2. What are the various forms of domestic violence women experience?

3. How has domestic violence against women affected the academic performance of a child?

1.4 Aims and Objectives of Study

The primary objective of this study is to investigate into domestic violence against women and its impact on children’s development. Specifically, to:

1. Assess how the psychology of a child is impacted upon by domestic violence in the family.

2. Investigate the various forms of domestic violence women experience.

3. Examine the academic consequences of domestic violence against women on a child.

1.5 Hypotheses

The study developed for testing the following null hypotheses:

H₀¹: There is no significant relationship between domestic violence and child’s negative psychological change.

H₀²: There is no significant relationship between domestic violence and child’s poor academic performance.

1.6 Significance

This study investigate into domestic violence against women and its impact on children’s development on domestic violence against women on children’s development will bring to the notice of the populace the various forms of domestic violence women are exposed to in the society. The study will also help both governmental and non-governmental organizations to identify these abused families and children, develop strategies to combat domestic violence, and encourage socially inclusive intervention mechanisms in poor neighborhoods. The study will also be of immense benefit to the policy makers to make laws that will prevent such abuses on women and provide a stiff punishment for victims who abuse women. The study further will serve as a reference material to scholars, researcher and students who may carry out further research in this topic or related domain.

1.7 Scope of the Study

This study focuses on investigating into domestic violence against women and its impact on children’s development. It accessed how the psychology of a child is impacted upon by domestic violence in the family, the various forms of domestic violence women experience and the academic consequences of domestic violence against women on a child. The residents of Ibadan North Local Government Area of Oyo State will be used as the focus of the study.

1.8 Definition of Concepts

Violence: Violence is the use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or destroy.

Domestic Violence: Domestic violence is violence or other abuse in a domestic setting, such as in marriage or cohabitation.

Impact: the action of one object coming forcibly into contact with another.

Child abuse: This consists of anything, which individuals, institutions or processes do or fail to do which directly or indirectly harms children or damages their prospects of safe and healthy development into adulthood.

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