Business organizations all over the world, whether profit making or non-profit making is made up of either the human element or the material component. These vital parts separate work interdependently for the attainment of the organizational goals. Therefore, for organization to achieve its goals and objectives, the workforce must be duly motivated. According to Ibe (2012), “The beauty of the struggle of labourer is in the eating of salaries or wages.” He further noted that the privilege ... read more

It is the duty of the government of any country to provide its citizens with those basic amenities that will make life enjoyable to them. This is because individual cannot single handedly provides amenities themselves. The provision of these basic amenities can only be possible through payment of taxes by the citizen. There have been a heart provoking outary by various state government in Nigeria over their poor financial base. This situation is becoming even more compounded by the obvious d... read more

The Workplace is an environment for upgrading, improving and reforming the traits related to emotional intelligence competencies such as perception and control of emotions. Emotional intelligence is an important forecaster of key organizational outcomes including job satisfaction, organizational commitment among civil servants. A person who is able to understand and is aware of one's own feelings, and controls stress, negative emotions, and feeling of frustration, can certainly have better r... read more

In many markets, firms compete over time by expending resources with the purpose of reducing their costs. Sometimes, the cost reducing investments operate directly on costs. In many instances, they take the form of developing new products that deliver what customers need more cheaply. Therefore, product development can have the same ultimate effect as direct cost reduction. In fact if one thinks of the product as the services rendered to customers, then product development often is just cost red... read more

Financial Risk management is a relevant development that arises with deregulation of Nigerian economy through the introduction of Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in 1986. The research was born out of an inquisitive mind and the desire to gain knowledge about the practice of financial risk management in Nigeria especially in the area of foreign exchange. It should be recalled that Nigerian economy moved away from fixed exchange regime in September 1986. The country returned back to fixed exch... read more

Africa as noted by Chaplan (1966:376), “is an important strategic arena in contemporary world politics”. Osuntokun (1999:19) argues further “being the most populous black country in the world, Nigeria is being compelled to shoulder willingly and unwillingly the leadership of the black world. This led to Nigeria’s feeling that she had a responsibility far beyond her borders as noted by Joe Nanven Garba…” In all our dealings with international organisations we are guided not by self... read more

For development and growth of any society, the provision of basic infrastructure is quite necessary. This perhaps explains why the government shows great concern for a medium through which funds can be made available to achieve their set goals for the society (Fagbemi and Noah, 2010). Government needsmoney to be able to execute its social obligations to the public and these social obligations include but not limited to the provision of infrastructure and social services.Exportation is required b... read more

The concept of human capital is a relatively recent idea in the realm of economic theory. While economists have long paid close attention to the concept of investments in physical capital in recent years they have placed emphasis on the concept of human capital investments. Largely, this shift occurred as a result of the failure of classical economist’s theory to explain the dominance of developed countries over undeveloped ones in the international market. Human capital covers a broad range o... read more

Various classifications have been made on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). For instance, FDI has been described as investment made so as to acquire a lasting management interest (for example, 10 percent of voting stock) and at least 10 percent of equity shares in an enterprise operating in another country other than that of the investor’s country (Mwillima, 2003). Policy makers believe that FDI produces positive effects on host economies. Some of these benefits are in the form of externalities... read more

Unemployment is generally agreed to be symptom of macro- economic illness which couldinVolu“bentary”“volunta.Whe is said voluntary I mean a condition where somebody chooses not to work because they have a means of support other than employment example is the idle rich man. On the other hand involuntary unemployment exists when persons are willing to work at the prevailing rate of pay but unable to find work. (Anyanwu 1995). Balogun, ed et el (2003) also defined unemployed as the p... read more

International Monetary Fund (IMF) has revealed that there has been significant and prolonged drop in oil prices since mid-2014, this has changed the fortunes of Nigeria and many other energy-exporting nations around the world. This, finding from this IMF report that budgets in oil exporting nations have generally turned from surpluses to large deficits, growth has slowed, and financial stability risks have increased (Oriakhi&Iyola, 2013). However, in such a challenging environment, a policy t... read more

The advanced and developed economies of the world today would not have been what they are today without relying on effective power generation for their rapid growth recorded. According to Mulegeta et al (2010), power generation is an indispensable component in economic performance, directly or indirectly as a complement to capital and labor as an input in the production process. However, this study is examining the impact of power generation on economic performance of Nigeria between 1970 and 20... read more

A budget is a detailed financial plan that quantifies future expectations and actions relative to acquiring and using resources (Barro et al, 2007). It is a method of communicating the goals of an organization to the appropriate managers in order to facilitate, coordinate and control various sections of the organization so the desired outcomes are achieved (Argyris, 1953). According Abel and Andrew, (2005) Budget helps to aid the planning of actual operations by forcing managers to conside... read more

Following the uncertainties prevailing in the Ghanaian business environment today, managers and stakeholders must be poised and prepared to compete favourably under these rapidly shifting conditions. In order to survive under these environmental complexities and vagueness managers and stakeholders of both private and public sectors need sharp tools, proven management techniques to forecast the major changes which are likely to affect the business while they choose future direction and dimension ... read more

The importance of managing the economy effectively cannot be over emphasized.ICT has the power to change, transform lives, influenceeconomic activities and the society. The banking sector is not an exception of this whole change and transformation. Just as the entrance of God’s word gives life, the entrance of information technology into the banking industry gives life and definition to banking operations. It is on this premise that we say that banks cannot decline information technology, beca... read more

Monetary policy entails the government policies aimed at changing the quantity of money or credit condition for example, open market operation or changes in required reserved ration etc. Monetary policies involves changes in the quantity of money held by the public. In our economy, there are two types of money most obviously- the naira bills and coins which you have in your pocket and money. In every economy, after fiscal policy, the next most powerful macro-economic stabilization is monetary p... read more

There are several factor that are considered with view of the economic development of Nigeria, some of this factors include taxation, fiscal policies and social policies etc; but for the purpose of this study we shall consider the effect of taxation on fiscal policy development in Nigeria; taxation is one of the major pivot to consider when dealing with fiscal policy; Olanifa I.F (1994) in his work said that it is compulsory transfer of resources from private sector to the public economy of the ... read more

In recent times, Nigerian economy has been characterized by high levels of public debt along with persistent low economic growth. As such, an understanding of the dynamics between public debt and growth is critical in addressing the obstacles to economic growth and to improve debt sustainability in Nigeria (Omet, Aktham&Fadwa, 2002). Traditionally, the main drivers of economic growth are the level and quality of a country’s physical and human capital, technological advancement and the quality ... read more

Nigeria as a sovereign nation operates a federal system of government i.e the federal government, state government and the local government councils. Onwo (1992) Observed that each level of the three tiers of government derive its powers not from the magnanimity of the central government but from the constitution; each level of government has defined responsibilities assigned to it by the constitution. The implication of this is that the three segments of governments are mutually interrelated... read more

The Nigerian exchange rate policy was largely a passive one before the inception of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), dating back to 1959 with the introduction of pounds that year. Nigerian authorities’ failure to devalue its Nigerian pound in response to devaluation of dollar in December 1971 resulted in the appreciation of the Nigerian pound dollar exchange rate from $2.80- $3.80 to the naira pound. Nigeria failed to devalue because of the optimism about the sustainability of the ra... read more