The relevance of banks in the economy of any nation cannot be overemphasized. They are the cornerstones of the economy of a country. The economies of all market-oriented nations depend on the efficient operation of complex and delicately balance systems of money and credit. Banks are an indispensable element in these systems. They provide the bulk of the money supply as well as the primary means of facilitating the flow of credit." Consequently, it is submitted that the economic well being of... read more

The historical development of international trade can be dated as back the period of world war 1 (1914-1918). Though world trade was heavy during world I, that world depression of the 1930’s greatly brought a decline in world trade. The actions of several governments aggravated the from in the level of the world trade. After world war ii era, the long run trend has been toward a relaxation of trade barriers (Solomon, 1976). International trade sprang up in both century courtesy of... read more

Foreign exchange is the means of payment for international transaction. It is made up of convertible currencies that are generally accepted for the settlement of international trade and other external obligation. Just like every other commodity, a market is established which works more like any other market having a supply curve, a demand curve and an equilibrium price and quantity. There are also conditions which are held constant (creteris paribus). When these conditions change, the curve shif... read more

In a modern economy,there is distinction between the surplus economic units and the deficit economic units and inconsequence a separation of the savings investment mechanism.This has necessitated the existence of financial institution whose jobs include the transfer of funds from savers to investors.one of such institution is the money deposits banks,the intermediating roles of the money-deposit banks places them in a position of ``trustees´´ of the saving of the widely dispersed surplus eco... read more

The level of fraud in the present day Nigeria has been on the high side. It has eaten into every aspect of our life and economy to the extent that a three years old child talks about Advance Fee Fraud Scheme (419). The economy has faced several challenges today as a result of the billions of naira that have been lost due to the ugly Monster (fraud). The term “fraud” has been defined in different ways by different authors. For the purpose of this study, fraud can be viewed from the foll... read more

Accounting has often been described as the language of business and accounting profession as the back bone of organization. This is because accounting besides duties plays the role of custodian of the finances of such organization and also serves as the vehicle for employing these funds in such ventures as to promote survival and growth. But accounting is a dynamic profession. Like language it is not static it grows, embracing additional roles in its development trail. The accounting profess... read more

There are no more important decision in market affairs than those connected with pricing. No matter how intelligently the product, distribution and communication mixes are conceived, improper pricing of a production one of the reason is that price decision cut across all areas of business operation say “Fred Foy” (1980:P143). This research therefore, among other things intends to highlight an management seemingly indifference towards this all important issues. Through the cost structu... read more

Nigeria before and even since the British Colonialist of our country has been engaged in international trade. But it was obviously spelt out during the British Colonialist that was in the 15th century termed legitimate trade. This was until 1960 during which Nigeria got its independence. This means that, Nigeria was no longer controlled solely by the dictates of the British Government Ever since then legitimate trade to the Nigerian was changed to international trade of which Banks has a majo... read more

the practices of auditing originated from the necessity to impose some system of check upon persons whose business involves to record the receipt and disbursement of money on behalf of theirs. However, due to the crudeness of accounting methods in the early stages of civilization individuals checked accounts for themselves. The impetus given to trade and commerce in the 15th century by the Renanssance resulted to the discovery of a more scientific system of accounting and in 1494 LUCCA PACIOL, a... read more

Actually the banking industry has gone far into information technology management and others in the delivery of their customer’s services. Through information technology is subsumed in the concept of information management. Hence, information technology is narrower than information management but also depends heavily on network of systems technology just like information management therefore; it is a tool for information management. However, when we come to the issue of the effectiveness... read more

In our country (Nigerian) to day, there are various roles expected of the international financial institutions to enhance the development of the Nigeria Economy. The institutions are the international monetary fund (IMF) international for reconstruction and development (IBRD) etc. The international monetary fund (IMF) the role expected from IMF. To promote international monetary co-operation through permanent institution which provides machinery for consultation and collaboration in internati... read more

Nigeria is located in the Western part of Africa lying in the tropics between latitudes 40 and 140 North of the equator and longitudes 30 and 140 East of the Greenwich meridian. The country has a total land area of 9, 323,768 square kilometres with a multi-ethnic population of approximately 120 million people. The country is bounded in the West by Republic of Benin, in the East by the Republic of Cameroon, in the North by the Republic of Niger and the Coastline in the South is berthed by the Atl... read more

Most banking activities are directed towards lending as credit has remained the backbone of banking operations. It is due to the fact that it provide the bulk profits. Today, its vital role in commercial banking activities lie in the direct it has on total economic growth and business development. Every year the (CBN) central bank of Nigeria being the monetary authority that is solely responsible for the insurance of guidelines policies and the interpretation of such, comes up with economic m... read more

E-marketing in Nigerian banking sector is an aspect of electronic universe in which messages and information streak across the continent or around the world at the speed of light. It is a place where you can find facts, meet customers, transact business, receives customers complaints, and handle them, meet thousand of their things without ever leaving your home o office. Marketing activities is as old as man lives. The development of marketing started many years ago. The history behind the ... read more

In a modern Economy, there is a distinction between surplus economics units and the deficit economics units and in a separation of the saving investment mechanism. This has necessitated the existence of financial institutions whose jobs includes the transfer of funds from savers to investor. One of such institution is the commercial Bank. The commercial Banks are regarded as banks because they create money. They do this by establishing chequing account for their customers for whom... read more

The stock market commonly known as the stock exchange is encompassed in the capital market. It can be describes as a place where savers and investors are brought together to trade on securities and sources of finance. It has basically, the same functions as any other financially institution which comprises the financial system. The stock exchange plays an important role in the development of our economy. A developed financial system they say is a developed economy. The primary aim of every... read more

The Nigerian capital market was established to perform certain functions, which are paramount to the development and growth of the economy. This includes the accumulation of capital from diveresed fund serves and make such available to users of funds. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the development of business organization, to establish the importance of the capital market in servicing the banking and manufacturing sector of business. Hypothesis formulate in ... read more

In recent years, loan recovery problems have been of the main problems that the Nigerian commercial banks has had to face. Those problems have been main target of policy measures all these years, though at a time it become main focus of policy on which was retarded as more pressing and serious each time. Today the situation in Nigerian have become very serious and seemingly intractable. The problems of loan recovery in the pigovain sense refers to a situation in which there is a maj... read more

A number of monetary and Economic policy measures have been included in the Nigerian Economic since the 1980’s not only to achieve macro-economic stability but also to enhance foreign trade financing. But unfortunately, these policy measure have resulted in inflationary pressure, depreciated foreign exchange rate increasing foreign debt and deficit balance of payment (Ogwuma 1997). Consequently the cost of foreign exchange has risen astronomically while foreign exchange inflow has dwindled ... read more

Financial assets we all know the necessary prerequisites for nay meaningful economic development of any nation. This is so because the entire would economy today revolves round business while business revolves round finance. Therefore the significant is the overall development of our economy. it is on this premise on appreciates the important roles played by financial institution most especially the commercial banks whose major function is to organize mobilize and making funds available for... read more