Malaria is a mosquito borne infectious disease of human and other animals causes by protists, it begins with bites from an infected female anopheles mosquito (Churchill, 1998)., it is transmitted in large areas of Africa, South America, Middle East, Eastern Europe etc symptoms of malaria are characterized by cyclic occurrence of chills, fever and profuse sweating. This occur when the merozoite destroys the red blood cells causing toxin to be released into the blood. Its symptoms also includes he... read more

ther forms with different chain length and functionally groups on the chain have been studied in other species (cyanospira rippkae, anamaeba torulosa). Their structures consist of sugar moitiess glycosidically bound to long-chain diols, triols, keto-ols and keto-diols. The aglycome moiety consisted of C26 or C28 carbon-chains with hydroxyl functionalities likely at the C-3 position. Alkyl glucosides found in Nostacaceae were characterized by the presence of troils and of C-3 Keto... read more

Mosquitoes: Mosquitoes are parasitic organism that suck human blood (female) and spread diseases such as malaria, yellow fever or elephantiasis. Parasites: parasites are small organism that lives in (endoparasites) or outside cectoparasites) another large organism (the host) from which the parasite obtain food without contributing anything in return. Example mosquitoes, tick and fleas etc.

The variation in the sample sizes across the various sites in Zaria was caused by a number of unforeseen circumstances. Such factors include differences in population sizes of dogs in the sites, denial of access to selected available dogs by dog owners, absence of dogs owners at home at the time of visit, absence of dogs at home at the time of visitation, some dogs are violent, even to the dog owners and to the point that they have to be left aside and lack of time, finance and research logistic... read more

The previous work indicate that the medicinal plants specially the flowering plants are given the more importance in these contents, non-flowering plants particularly fern and fern allies are ignored by scientists. According to Pieroni (2001), evaluation of plant species used in different cultural contexts is necessary in order to infer cultural components related to food acceptance and phytochemical constituents that influence the popularity of edible plants. Plant resources have gained promine... read more

nsitive to the three medicated soap. The means of inhibition was highest in Aleppo medicated soap with 12.92 mm followed by temperate medicated soap with 11.2mm and least in carat medicated soap with 10.56 mm. Also the staphylococcus aureus isolated were also sensitive to the commercial autibiotics used as couplers the means zones of inhibition was highest in ampiclox with 12.8 mm followed by gentamycin with 12.04 mm and the heart in penicillin with 10.4 mm. there was a close relationship in the... read more

Virginia‟ and „Spanish-Valencia‟, on the basis of branching pattern “alternate” and “sequential”. They stated that these cultivars are group within the two branching pattern considered as subspecies. In the „Virginia‟ group, the main stem does not have reproductive axes. Alternating pairs of vegetative and reproductive axes are borne on the laterals branches and on other branches. In the „Spanish- Valencia‟ group, reproductive branches are borne in a series on successive no... read more

re carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out on the elemental data to determine the level of impact of the wastes on the river water quality. The study revealed generally high levels of heterotrophic and coliform counts throughout the year with sampling point P1 around farmland having the highest counts and P4 on the stream that carried effluents from Sokoto Cement Factory, having the least. FC/FS ratios were generally very high (above 4... read more

Corynebacterium glutamicum is a rod-shaped Gram-positive aerobic bacterium, which can be found in soil, sewages, vegetables, and fruits (Eggeling and Bott, 2005). This bacterium is capable of utilizing various sugars as well as organic acids (Blombach and Seibold, 2010). Among others, C. glutamicum has the ability to metabolize glucose, fructose, and sucrose as well as lactate, pyruvate, and acetate (Blombach and Seibold, 2010); additionally, C. glutamicum has the ability to grow on mixtures of ... read more

gborge (1994) reported that Warri River had and unacceptability high cadmium level, 0.3mg/l of H2O, was 60-fold above the maximal allowable level of 0.005mg/l. This report prompted our early studies on the hepato-, nephro- and goladal toxicity of cadmium in rat expose to this high close via water and diet. The diet was formulated with fish expose to 0.3mgCd/water in the ambient water, as protein source and the toxic effects investigated and reported. (Asagba and Obi, 2000; Asagba and Obi, 200... read more

By the 1990s, several international initiatives were focused on the more specific question of how the diversity of life forms impacts on ecosystems. The scientific committee on problems of the Environment (SCOPE) produced an influential book reviewing the state of knowledge on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF). (Schulze, ED. and Mooney, 1993). Research on BEF had developed a large body of experiments and mathematical theory describing how genetic, species and functional divers... read more

Disease: Can be seen as a depart from the normal healthy state of the body soul and mind of a human being, which manifests itself in an abnormal development of the physical, physiological and mental state of the human being concerned. Epidemiology: The study of disease that affect large numbers of people. Traditionally, epidemiologist have been concerned primarily with infectious diseases such as typhoid and influenza, that arise and spread rapidly among the population as epidemics. ... read more

All subjects blinked fewer times per minute while working on the computer for two and ten minute intervals and reading for ten minutes. All but one blinked less while reading for two minutes. Conclusions/Discussion The results of the experiment showed conclusively that vision decreased after reading and working on the computer, especially in those subjects that did not blink very often. In the longer time frame there was an even greater decrease in vision. Only those younger subjects wh... read more

entanedioic acid 3-oxo-dimethyl ester, palmitic acid methyl ester, stearic acid, 13-tetradece-11-yn-1-ol, 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, 9-octadecenoic acid (Z), hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecadien-1-ol (Z,Z), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester and E-9-tetradecenoic acid. The essential oil showed larvicidal activity on Anopheles mosquito larva at concentration of 3ml/L, 4ml/L and 5ml/L. The mosquito repellent produced showed increasing repellent efficacy against adult Anopheles mosquitoe... read more

oringa oliefera is native to the Indian subcontinent and has become naturalized in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. It is the most widely cultivated species of the Genus Moringa, which is the only genus in the Family Moringacacae. It is an exceptionally nutritious vegetable tree with a variety of potential uses. Moringa oliefera trees are well naturalized in the northern parts of Nigeria where the leaves are popularly known as ‘zogala’ and widely consumed by populace (Pallavi... read more

characteristic were analysed. Ten (10) flora species belonging to 10 families were recorded. Cryptosperma senegalense was the species with the highest richness with density value of (9500±150.63st/ha) and this followed by Nymphea lotus (6000±138.36st/ha). The least density value was associated with Alchornea cordifolia (300±43.54st/ha). Crypstosperma senegalense also had the highest frequency (100%) while the least frequency value of 25% was associated with species such as Alchornea cordifoli... read more

Nematodes are tiny, thread-like worms measuring 0.0 15 inch to 0.187 inch in length. They are either free living parasitic or saprophytic, identified on the basis of shapes, size and special structures. The females become swollen and flask-shaped as a result of accumulation of eggs with the anus virtually terminal in position, while the males are vermiform (Sherf and Macnah, 1986; Chitwood, 1949; Taylor and Sasser, 1978; Idowu, 1979 and Idowu, 1983)

Land Utilization: Floods are among the most overwhelming natural disasters in the world, causing discomfort and sickness also claiming more lives and increasing poverty and property damage than any other natural phenomena. In Nigeria, though not leading in terms of claiming lives, flood affects and displaces more people than any other disaster; it also causes more damage to properties. At least 20 per cent of the population is at risk from one form of flooding or another. In Nigeria, flood di... read more

Water is the prerequisite of life, mankind has settled along the Nile, the Euphrates, the Tigris, the Indus and the Yangtze-Kiang (Marsha et al., 1999). Since ancient times and well before the past millennium, people have sought ways of dealing with water (their main commodity and primary source of drinking, sanitation, irrigation, cultivation, transportation and communication). Two major water supplies are surface water and ground water and are the water resources for readily available water fo... read more

Nigeria is naturally endowed with vast expanse of forest land, the swamp forests in the extreme Southern part of the country, the tropical rainforest in the South- western axis and the wooded savannah in the middle belt. Nigeria ranks among the countries of the world with abundant forest resources. Mfon, et al (2014) said forests in Nigeria occupied about 110, 890km2 of the country total land mass of about 910,770km2 in other words, forests is about 012.18% of vegetation cover of the country. Pa... read more